Our experts identified the leading small business PPC services companies that can help you boost your website traffic and sales through strategic paid ad campaigns. Browse our directory to find the right agency for your project and use filters to make your search more efficient.

Best Small Business PPC Services Providers

34 Companies-Rankings updated: October 27, 2026

Organic rankings are determined by five factors: top services, reviews, portfolio, awards/press, and team expertise. Sponsored listings pay for a placement that appears above organic positions. Sponsorship does not affect star ratings or review content - read more on our methodology page.

Small Business PPC × Social Networks × Under $1,000 ×Clear Filters
  • From Store Setup to Full Automation

    American Ecommerce Hub is a full service eCommerce agency dedicated to helping entrepreneurs and businesses across the USA build, automate and scale profitable online stores. With a skilled team of eCommerce specialists, strategists and account managers, we deliver end-to-end solutions designed to simplify...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Services
    • Digital Strategy
    • Creative Services
    • SEO
    • PPC
    • Show more
    Location
    Atlanta, Georgia
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $25/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • Achieve Your Goals, Scale Your Brand, Dominate Your Market

    Team advertiser is not just a team of 10+ people; rather, it is a solution to 10+ problems in this digital era. Our agency is enriched with diverse categories of expertise and years of experience. We are an expert team of creative thinkers, digital marketers, web developers, graphics designers, content...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Marketing
    • Branding
    • Social Media Marketing
    • AI Development
    • Email Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    Sylhet, Bangladesh
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $25/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Ruwora You're Little Loud Website Development Studio

    Ruwora is a web design & development agency in South Africa, serving ambitious businesses worldwide. We build fast, modern, SEO-friendly websites, web apps, eCommerce platforms and digital experiences that turn visitors into customers and help brands stand out online...

    Top Services:

    • Web Development
    • Graphic Design
    • Web Design
    • eCommerce Development
    • WordPress Website Design
    • Show more
    Location
    Worcester, South Africa
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    5 Projects Listed
  • Where Ideas Come to Life

    Lewal Technologies is a digital marketing agency dedicated to helping small businesses, shops, and agencies. We provide expert services in social media management, SEO, content creation, and online advertising to boost business growth and visibility...

    Top Services:

    • Web Development
    • Software Development
    • Mobile App Development
    • Digital Marketing
    • Advertising
    • Show more
    Location
    Belfast, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $30/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Your Key to Amazon Success

    Marche Web Marketing is an Italian Amazon-focused agency specializing in helping brands and businesses grow their sales and advertising performance on Amazon and other major European marketplaces. The company has roots in SEO dating back to 2004 and has operated on Amazon since 2011, initially working with...

    Top Services:

    • CRO
    • Digital Marketing
    • SEO
    • PPC
    • Content Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    Pesaro, Italy
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $150/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Next-gen Digital. Savvy Results.

    FT Nexavvy is a next-gen digital marketing agency helping brands grow smarter with Meta Ads, Google Ads, SEO, Website Design & Social Media. We deliver results that matter from clicks to clients. Think ahead. Work smarter. Be Nexavvy...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Marketing
    • SEO
    • Social Media Marketing
    • PPC
    • Web Design
    • Show more
    Location
    Ahmedabad, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $25/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    12 Projects Listed
  • Where Creativity Meets Strategy

    Lilybank Agency: Your one-stop digital powerhouse. We blend creativity with strategy to elevate brands in the digital space. Our expert team delivers bespoke solutions in graphic design, web development, social media management, and SEO. What sets us apart? A holistic approach, data-driven results, and...

    Top Services:

    • Web Design
    • WordPress Website Design
    • eCommerce Development
    • Web Development
    • SEO
    • Show more
    Location
    London, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $50/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    2 Projects Listed
  • You Grow We Go

    Adscular Agency helps businesses improve their online visibility, attract potential customers, and build more effective digital growth strategies. Our services include performance marketing, Google Ads, Meta Ads, SEO, paid advertising, lead generation, website development, and conversion rate optimization...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Services
    • Digital Strategy
    • Branding
    • Digital Marketing
    • SEO
    • Show more
    Location
    Austin, Texas
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $100/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Build Your Digital Empire With Our Expertise.

    Hamza Design Hub is a creative digital marketing agency delivering custom web design, e-commerce, branding, and marketing solutions to help businesses grow online...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Marketing
    • Digital Services
    • Graphic Design
    • Branding
    • WordPress Website Design
    • Show more
    Location
    Lahore, Pakistan
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $40/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • We help small businesses grow with successful, tailored SEO approaches.

    We have 8 extensive years of experience in Digital Marketing. We help small businesses grow with successful, tailored SEO approaches...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Services
    • SEO
    • Digital Marketing
    • PPC
    • Content Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    Quezon, Philippines
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $50/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Data-Driven Marketing Strategies Backed by AI

    At JavaLogix, we are more than just a service provider; we are your strategic partner in success. We collaborate closely with you to understand your unique business challenges and opportunities, developing bespoke solutions that drive real, sustainable growth. Let us help you navigate the digital world with...

    Top Services:

    • Branding
    • Logo Design
    • Web Development
    • WordPress Website Design
    • SEO
    • Show more
    Location
    Toronto, Canada
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $120/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Drive Growth with Scalable PPC Solutions

    That PPC Group helps businesses grow through strategic paid advertising. Our team manages Google Ads campaigns designed to increase leads, conversions, and ROI through data-driven targeting, ongoing optimization, and scalable performance marketing strategies...

    Top Services:

    • PPC
    • Digital Strategy
    • CRO
    • Advertising
    • Social Media Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    New York City, New York
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $149/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Bizualized: Your Business Visualized.

    At Bizualized, we're more than just a digital marketing agency. We're a partner in your success, working tirelessly to help you achieve your goals and reach your target audience in the most effective way possible. Contact us today to learn more about how we can help you grow your business through...

    Top Services:

    • Web Development
    • Digital Marketing
    • SEO
    • PPC
    • CRO
    • Show more
    Location
    Miami, Florida
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • We're Not Your Typical Agency, We're a Collective.

    We bring together incredible talent from some of the world's biggest brands so that small and medium sized businesses can benefit from a wealth of expertise...

    Top Services:

    • Branding
    • Web Design
    • Social Media Marketing
    • Web Development
    • Email Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    London, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $80/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Personalized Online Marketing Strategies

    We believe in travel and tourism online marketing. LeHype provides tailored marketing services to increase bookings, brand awareness, and online presence through online channels. We study and understand the travel industry, the seasonality, the tourist behavior, the booking process, and its peculiarities to...

    Top Services:

    • Web Design
    • Web Development
    • SEO
    • PPC
    • CRO
    • Show more
    Location
    Unterseen, Switzerland
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $80/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Helping You Accelerate Into Digital Excellence.

    Simcon Media is your marketing engine - built for founders, creators, and small teams who don't have time to learn funnels, algorithms, or SEO. You've got the talent, the vision, the drive. But marketing? We turn your ideas into scroll-stopping content, smart strategy, and real results. No fluff, no...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Marketing
    • SEO
    • Social Media Marketing
    • Content Marketing
    • Email Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    Raleigh , North Carolina
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $85/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Setting the Southwest Standard.

    Zia Media Group is the marketing department for any small, and up to enterprise level businesses...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Marketing
    • Social Media Marketing
    • SEO
    • Web Design
    • Branding
    • Show more
    Location
    Farmington, New Mexico
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $125/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Your Trusted Digital Partner

    Digital Solutions Dubai is a professional web design and digital marketing agency based in Dubai, UAE. We specialize in website design, WordPress and Shopify development, e-commerce solutions, UI/UX design, and website redesign. Our team also provides SEO services, local SEO, social media marketing, content...

    Top Services:

    • Web Design
    • eCommerce Development
    • Web Development
    • WordPress Website Design
    • Digital Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    Dubai, United Arab Emirates
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $25/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Creative Minds Building Impactful Digital Experience

    Grow your visibility in local Google searches with strategic local SEO services. Just Rank US helps businesses in Hurt, Pittsylvania VA, and surrounding areas improve local rankings, attract nearby customers, and generate more qualified calls and leads...

    Top Services:

    • SEO
    • Digital Marketing
    • CRO
    • AEO
    • Content Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    Hurt, Virginia
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $150/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Smart Billing Partner

    Nationwide medical billing & revenue cycle management for healthcare providers billing, coding, credentialing, and HIPAA-compliant claims support...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Services
    • AEO
    • SEO
    • PPC
    • Accounting
    • Show more
    Location
    Madera, California
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $25/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Marketing That Delivers Results

    Unipeg Media is a full-service digital marketing agency with over 8 years of experience, helping businesses grow through a combination of creative design, strategic marketing, and advanced technology solutions. The agency offers a wide range of services, including SEO, performance marketing, social media...

    Top Services:

    • Content Marketing
    • Digital Marketing
    • SEO
    • PPC
    • Advertising
    • Show more
    Location
    Faridabad, India
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $100/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    2 Projects Listed
  • Full-Service Amazon Agency for PPC, SEO & Account Management

    Ecom Ranker is an Amazon-first ecommerce growth agency founded in 2017, helping brands, private-label sellers, manufacturers, and ecommerce businesses grow their visibility, sales, and profitability across Amazon and other ecommerce channels. Our expertise covers Amazon SEO, PPC management, product...

    Top Services:

    • PPC
    • Advertising
    • eCommerce
    • CRO
    • SEO
    • Show more
    Location
    Indore, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $25/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • Best Web Design & Development Company In Kanpur

    Web AI Tech Solution LLP is a leading IT services & Web Design Company in Kanpur, India offering website development, web design, mobile app development, SEO, digital marketing, graphic design, e-commerce solutions, social media marketing, 2D & 3D animation, branding, consultation and complete IT solutions to...

    Top Services:

    • Web Design
    • Web Development
    • Software Development
    • Mobile App Development
    • IT Services
    • Show more
    Location
    Kanpur, India
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $10/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    4 Projects Listed
  • Your Digital Growth Partner

    At Obelisk Infotech, we specialize in providing tailored SEO and Digital Marketing Solutions designed to align with your business objectives. Our team comprises top-tier SEO Professionals, Digital Marketing Experts, Creative Web Designers, and seasoned programmers dedicated to enhancing your company's...

    Top Services:

    • SEO
    • Digital Marketing
    • PPC
    • Social Media Marketing
    • Web Design
    • Show more
    Location
    Zirakpur, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $8/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Transforming Ideas Into Digital Success Stories

    MediaUpShift is a leading Delhi-based digital marketing agency that is proficient in SEO, High-converting Google Ads, Social media strategies and website development. MediaUpShift crafts custom solutions that boost your online visibility, generate high-quality leads and business growth. The data driven...

    Top Services:

    • SEO
    • PPC
    • Social Media Marketing
    • Web Development
    • Content Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    New Delhi, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $20/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • Where Vision Meets Value

    STRATEGY & ROI is a digital marketing agency helping businesses grow through SEO, PPC, social media, web design, and graphic design with a focus on results and ROI...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Services
    • Graphic Design
    • Web Design
    • Web Development
    • eCommerce Development
    • Show more
    Location
    Kolkata, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $5/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • From Code To Cloud We Build What You Imagine

    Infonetra delivers smart, scalable solutions in software development, mobile apps, websites, DevOps, cloud engineering, and UI/UX design helping businesses grow through technology and innovation...

    Top Services:

    • Mobile App Development
    • Software Development
    • Web Development
    • DevOps Consulting
    • Digital Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    Jaipur, India
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $25/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Helping Companies build Worry-Free Business Automations & Processes

    We are Deliverable Agency, a creative Web Development and Internet Marketing Agency. We are a global team of coders, designers, product managers, marketers, and experts. We are a team of professionals who work on web development and online marketing in UK, US, Canada, Australia and many more...

    Top Services:

    • Web Design
    • WordPress Website Design
    • SEO
    • Digital Marketing
    • Mobile App Development
    • Show more
    Location
    Mohali, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $15/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Premium Advertising Network

    Whether you are a business looking to grow or a publisher seeking passive income, 7Search PPC offers a reliable and profitable solution for online revenue generation...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Marketing
    • Affiliate Marketing
    • PPC
    • Media Buying
    • Advertising
    • Show more
    Location
    Lucknow, India
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $100/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Your Growth Partner In The Digital World

    At Top Rank Master, we are a results-driven digital marketing agency dedicated to helping businesses grow, rank higher, and convert more customers online. We dont just run campaigns we build long-term digital success using smart strategies, data insights, and innovative marketing solutions...

    Top Services:

    • SEO
    • PPC
    • Social Media Marketing
    • Reputation Management
    • Digital Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    Anandpur Sahib, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $250/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Building Future-Ready Skills & Scalable Digital Solutions

    NithishReddy is a Hyderabad-based digital specialist helping individuals and businesses grow with practical solutions in Generative AI, Prompt Engineering, Full Stack Development, and SEO. Through nithishreddy.in, he focuses on delivering real-world training and performance-driven digital services that enable...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Marketing
    • SEO
    • Social Media Marketing
    • PPC
    • Content Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    Hyderabad, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $10/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Innovate Connect Inspire

    iPlexSoft provides end-to-end IT solutions including ERP implementation, custom software development, web design, and mobile app development to support business automation and digital transformation...

    Top Services:

    • Mobile App Development
    • Software Development
    • SEO
    • Digital Marketing
    • Social Media Marketing
    • Show more
    Location
    Karachi, Pakistan
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $100/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Your Trusted Digital Agency

    Shree Ganpati Media is a full-service digital agency based in Howrah, West Bengal, India, specializing in website design, digital marketing, branding, social media management, SEO, video production, and UI/UX solutions. Established in 2015, the company focuses on helping businesses strengthen their online...

    Top Services:

    • Web Design
    • Web Development
    • Social Media Marketing
    • Graphic Design
    • Video Production
    • Show more
    Location
    Howrah, India
    Number of Employees
    100 - 249
    Average Hourly Rate
    $250/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
  • Built To Solve. Designed To Scale.

    Tech Potato is a digital solutions company working across web development, e-commerce, automation, design, and business operations. We bring technical and operational teams together to support the day-to-day digital needs of modern businesses...

    Top Services:

    • Digital Services
    • Graphic Design
    • Design Services
    • eCommerce Development
    • Web Development
    • Show more
    Location
    Karachi, Pakistan
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $20/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000

Why companies trust DesignRush

Every agency is independently vetted before it can be listed or ranked

1

Identity Check

We verify businesses and reviewer LinkedIn profiles for integrity.

Agencies vetted
129,859+
2

Portfolio Review

We review agency work, case studies, and results to confirm skill.

Applicants rejected
47%
3

Ongoing Audit

We monitor listings regularly; outdated agencies are removed.

Agencies verified
34

Some agencies pay for sponsored placement, clearly labeled and held to the same vetting standards.

See how rankings and monetization work.

8 Frequently Asked Questions About Small Business PPC Agencies

Should I go with a flat monthly fee or a percentage-of-ad-spend model?

For most small businesses that spend under $10,000/month on ads, a flat monthly fee is the cleaner and more protective choice because percentage-of-spend minimums often cost more at small budgets, and the model pays the agency for spending your money rather than managing it.

The structural problem with percentage-of-spend is that the small business PPC agency earns more every time you increase your budget, regardless of whether that increase is justified by performance.

Ask any percentage-of-spend agency directly: what is their policy when they believe additional budget is not justified by current performance? The answer will tell you whose interests they are actually managing.

How much do small business PPC agencies charge for their services, and what's on top of the quoted fee?

According to numerous reports, agencies usually charge between $1,000 and $5,000 a month for standard management services, depending on your ad spend level and what's included. If you need them to run a complex enterprise account, the price can go up and range between $10,000 and $25,000 a month.

The management fee for small business PPC services is only part of what you'll pay. They typically run 10-20% of monthly ad spend, but this is separate from the actual ad spend, which you pay directly.

On top of that, expect to see:

  • Setup fees of $500-$5,000 for initial account audits and restructuring
  • Tool costs passed through for third-party analytics platforms
  • Overage charges if your ad spend crosses certain thresholds,
  • Exit fees if you leave before the contract term ends.

The budget math to run before you sign is the following: management fee + setup fee + any tool costs + your actual ad spend = true monthly investment.

At a $2,000/monthad budget, a 15% management fee leaves only $300 for actual strategy work. Minimum viable ad spend for meaningful optimization is generally $2,000-$5,000/month, and the management fee comes out of your total budget on top of that.

What are the clearest red flags to watch for before I sign a contract?

Any small business PPC company that guarantees specific results before auditing your account is either making a sales pitch or doesn't understand how paid search works. No credible agency promises a specific cost per acquisition before they have audited your conversion tracking, analyzed your competitive landscape, and assessed your landing pages. 

Other pre-signing red flags:

  • They focus reporting on vanity metrics rather than business outcomes
  • They can't explain their strategy in terms you understand
  • They push long-term contracts before proving value.

If any of these appear during the sales process, they will be significantly worse once you're locked in.

Who owns the Google Ads account, me or the agency?

You should own the Google Ads account, and if an agency won't confirm that in writing before you sign, walk away. Agencies offering small business PPC services sometimes build campaigns inside their own Manager Account (MCC), making them, instead of you, the legal account owner. When you leave, you risk losing all historical data, conversion tracking, audience lists, and Smart Bidding signals.

Before signing, demand an explicit account ownership clause that names your Google Ads Account ID and specifies that the agency's access will be revoked at your request.

When should I expect real results, and what's a legitimate excuse vs. a stall?

Expect to see your first meaningful, stable results between weeks 6 and 12, as many agencies suggest. Allow for a learning period of 30-60-days before drawing conclusions, but expect transparency and a clear optimization plan from week one. The first 60 days include the account learning phase, and performance below eventual steady state is expected. Unexplained underperformance is a red flag, but explained underperformance during a calibration period is not.

Check the Change History in your Google Ads account: if there is no evidence of thoughtful adjustments in the first 30 days, including no keyword refinements, no ad copy tests, and no bid strategy changes, the campaign is on autopilot. Small business PPC consultants who are genuinely optimizing will have a paper trail.

Is it a problem if the agency manages hundreds of clients, or if they seem very small?

Client-to-account-manager ratio matters more than total agency size. Agencies offering small business PPC services that take on too many clients at once cut corners, use outdated methods, or fail to give individual accounts the attention and tailored strategy they need. Therefore, you may lose more on poor results than you save on fees. Ask directly: how many active accounts does each account manager handle? 

A strategist managing 40+ accounts cannot be doing meaningful weekly optimization for any of them. On the other end, a two-person shop with no bench means your account goes dark when someone is sick or leaves. The right size agency for a small business has a dedicated point of contact with a manageable client load, a defined escalation path, and a process for running your account.

How long a contract should I accept?

A 3-month initial commitment is reasonable. A 12-month lock-in with no performance milestones written in is not. Three-month minimums are reasonable because campaigns need time to exit the learning phase before performance can be meaningfully evaluated. However, 12-month terms are a higher commitment and should come with clearly defined performance milestones and exit provisions if those milestones are not met.

If small business PPC consultants refuse to stand behind their work with a flexible exit option, they lack confidence in their ability to deliver results. You are funding their financial security, not your own growth.

The contract term to demand: a 90-day initial period with measurable KPI targets (cost per acquisition, lead volume), after which the engagement rolls month-to-month. Also, check the auto-renewal clause because many contracts auto-renew unless notice is given 30 to 60 days before the term ends. A missed notice window commits you to another full term.

How do I evaluate a proposal if I can't verify the case studies that an agency shows me?

Ask for references from current clients in a similar business category, not testimonials on their website. Case studies are marketing materials. They show the best possible outcome from the best possible client under the best possible conditions, and they are rarely auditable. The difference between agencies that claim to be data-driven and those that actually are shows up in specifics: ask them to walk through a real optimization decision they made in the last 30 days, what data prompted it, what they changed, and what happened.

If small business PPC services providers can't give you a concrete example with numbers, their case studies are doing the selling, not their process. Also, ask what happens when a campaign underperforms: agencies that have a clear answer ("we do X, then Y, then escalate to Z") are operating from a repeatable system. Agencies that answer with reassurance and vague references to optimization are operating on hope.