Explore leading Android app developers specializing in custom mobile apps, scalable architectures, API integrations, and user-focused UI/UX design. Our team curated a list of vetted agencies that build high-performance Android apps designed for reliability, usability, and long-term growth.
DesignRush presents a curated list of the top players in the industry, chosen from 1,160+ Android app development companies. Our selection process thoroughly evaluates portfolios, client testimonials, industry standing, pricing structures, and other crucial factors. This ensures you’ll discover a reliable app development partner that aligns with your project requirements.
The Number 1 Android App Development Company as Selected by DesignRush Is:
Notable clients: Citibank, BBC News, JP Morgan, ESPN, Ideal Protein
Zazz is home to a team of 275+ software engineers and designers across seven US cities. It holds a track record of 763 projects delivered, 397 apps deployed, $770 million+ total client revenue generated, and a 95% customer satisfaction rating. The company also has partner certifications with industry giants like AWS, Google Developers, Roku, SAP, Braze, and Adobe.
In 2020, Zazz received a Webby Award for outstanding digital product strategy, design, and development. It has also earned a spot on the Inc. 5000 and America's Fastest Growing Companies lists.
Ideal Protein wanted a comprehensive digital solution that helped users achieve their fitness goals through a personalized three-phase protocol for weight loss, stabilization, and maintenance.
Zazz developed the Ideal Protein App, a versatile pocket companion that integrated IoT with weighing scales, enabled QR code scanning for nutrition information, and optimized search functionalities for clinics and health coaches. The app boasts 1 million+ active users and has generated $277 million+ in revenue.
Comprising 1,500+ tech experts and Android app developers, Appinventiv is proficient in business intelligence, Big Data analytics, AI, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Through its agile methodologies, it delivers projects 57% faster than traditional methods. The company has secured $950M+ in investment funds for 1,000+ startups.
Its published apps have been recognized by Entrepreneur magazine and AppFutura and consistently receive an average 4.5-star rating on the Google Play Store. Appinventiv was also awarded the No. 1 App Development Company in 2020 by the Business of Apps.
Appinventiv has a security- and compliance-first approach to Android app development as it adheres to regulations like the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS).
Appinventiv was hired to enhance KFC's digital presence in the Middle East. A significant portion of orders came through expensive aggregator apps, leading to increased costs and poor user experiences on KFC's platform.
The agency developed and launched seven KFC food delivery apps across the UAE, KSA, Kuwait, Egypt, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. This aimed to reduce dependency on aggregators and strengthen KFC's direct digital presence in the region.
The mobile applications built by Appinventiv generated the following results:
Notable clients: Google, The Home Depot, Burger King, SAP, SBI Bank
Surf has 13+ years of cross-industry expertise in serving 200+ global enterprises, renowned international brands, large-scale enterprises, and Y Combinator startups. Its customized apps collectively have a 4.83-star average Google Play Store rating.
Leveraging SurfGen, its proprietary automation software, Surf delivers Android development services up to 20% faster than regular timelines. Surf can help augment in-house teams and transition low-code/no-code programs into a native product.
SBI Bank approached Surf to revamp its family banking app, which was outdated and attracted only 400 users. The challenge was to create a user-friendly, family-oriented mobile application.
Surf enabled shared access to bank accounts and individual limits for different family members based on needs. The new app amassed over 9,000 monthly users and was also nominated as the Best Family Banking Product in 2022 by Markswebb, a consulting agency.
Notable clients: Papa John's, Astral Pipes, T75, MEDVENTURE, RUMMY
With 1,000+ dedicated developers and designers, the company has successfully served 2,700+ satisfied clients, garnering 110 million+ downloads on the Play Store across 4,500+ apps. Hyperlink offers flexible partnership models, namely, fixed price, dedicated team, and on-site development for more effective communication.
Hyperlink InfoSystem has a global presence in New York, California, Dubai, and India. It’s a member of the Gujarat Electronics & Software Industries Association (GESIA) and an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001:2013-certified company. It also boasts official partnerships with Salesforce, Google, Oracle, and AWS.
Hyperlink InfoSystem worked with a client to develop a unique NFT marketplace app for short videos. Dissatisfied with the limitations of the current blockchain ecosystem, the client approached Hyperlink InfoSystem to create a more secure, scalable, and faster platform.
Hyperlink built an app that featured video listings, a search bar, filters for navigation, buy-and-bid functionality, and a user wallet with popular integrations. It also developed smart contracts to reduce transaction fees. The resulting app increased the user base substantially, stored 100,000-200,000 tokens, and received positive overall feedback.
Notable clients: Dollar Shave Club, Aspiration, Yaza, Sprent, Rivalz
Uptech has a 90-member strong team, dispersed across offices in the U.S., Estonia, Ukraine, Cyprus, and Poland. It has delivered 150+ products to clients in 12 countries, providing comprehensive team extension and end-to-end Android app development solutions.
The agency has collaborated with Fortune 500 companies, entities on the Inc. 5000 list, and ambitious technology startups. It has been recognized with an honorable mention from Awwwards and the Mobile Excellence Award.
The Android app developer leverages Kotlin, Coroutines/RxJava, Dagger, Retrofit, Room, and JUnit in its development. In addition, Uptech employs the Clean Architecture approach and adheres to Google's design and material guidelines, ensuring consistent placement for its apps on Google Play. It also upholds Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Coding Practices and GDPR.
GOAT, a global retail platform for sneakers, apparel, and accessories, collaborated with Uptech to enhance its buyer- and seller-facing app, Alias. The challenge was to make the existing "Offer Flow" feature more interactive, ensure smooth user experiences with multiple simultaneous videos, and execute comprehensive week-long sale campaigns.
Uptech introduced a custom price selector view for the "Offer Flow" to optimize video loading and launch multifaceted campaigns. Over three years of partnership, the agency successfully implemented all required features, earned the GOAT app a 4.5 rating on the Play Store, and secured $450M in funding.
Notable clients: Strong Mom, Bingebooks, TaskRunner, Vethem, Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine
Stfalcon comprises 60+ specialists who collectively contribute to 14+ years of the agency's experience in the market. It can complete business analysis within four to six weeks and quickly develop minimum viable products (MVPs) for startups in just two to three months.
Stfalcon excels in implementing GPS tracking, real-time synchronization, and third-party systems like payment gateways. The company's Android technology stack includes Native Android, Room, Firebase, CI/CD systems, Dependency Injection, Retrofit, Gson, and Kotlin Multiplatform Mobile.
The agency has an ISO 9001:2015 International Management System Certification. It was also recognized in 2019 as the Top Mobile Developer by ThinkMobiles.com and the Top Flutter Developer by Top App Development Companies.
Collaborating with Ajax Systems and receiving support from the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine, Stfalcon designed the "Air Alert" app to deliver timely notifications about dangers like airstrikes and missile attacks.
Within a week of launch, the app garnered 140,000+ users across Ukraine. Subsequent developments, including features like multi-subscription, English voiceovers, and emergency service integrations, propelled the app to 24 million+ installations.
Recognized by Techreviewer as one of the Top Mobile App Developers, Diffco offers diverse project approaches such as mobile-only solutions, comprehensive mobile and backend development, web versions, and intuitive admin panels for both mobile and web apps.
Diffco offers end-to-end Android app development and in-house team extension. It leverages analytics and builds conversion funnels that optimize products, UI/UX, content, and processes, helping your marketing teams maximize profits.
Diffco collaborated with Clovitek on a software stack for its wireless audio transmitter. The Diffco team customized the CloviFi firmware, an optimized audio streaming protocol, and a mobile application for Android. This solution adapted the streaming protocol based on user numbers and network stability, ensuring minimal latency and high sound quality in various network conditions.
The Android app offers a user-friendly interface, native audio controls, and seamless audio transmission to multiple devices via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Diffco implemented reliable software updates and remote maintenance for efficient customer support.
Operating from its head office in the U.S., Trango Tech boasts a team of 200+ Android developers who have earned the trust of 500+ clients in 200 cities. It has successfully created 147+ Android apps in over two decades of service.
Trango Tech's Android app development services cover expert app update management, continuous enhancement, and bug elimination. Its developers also excel in app portability tests and Android widget development with a focus on UI/UX.
Trango Tech worked on Goto, a one-stop online shopping marketplace, to overcome several challenges and enhance the buyer experience. It implemented an integrated system that included:
Dynamic cart rules
Fraud management systems
Seller education programs
Inventory switching processes
Complaint management section
Contact center solution
HR management
Warehouse management
The revolutionized Goto app was able to manage 20.3 million daily visitors.
In its proprietary SolutionLab phase, Designli creates an architectural blueprint for development, covering its features, functions, business models, risks, and investment requirements. Following the lean startup methodology, it first develops an MVP to reduce costs and get customer validation before extensive investment. The agency also adheres to Google-led design and development guidelines when building and testing apps, guaranteeing consistency.
Designli developed Icueity, a platform that aims to improve self-awareness through continuous, holistic feedback from peers. The resulting native Android app incorporated à la carte pricing for features like polls, status updates, and milestone reviews. Designli also provides ongoing support and iteration, maintaining flexibility for future enhancements.
Notable clients: IIFL, Fox Sports, Fossil, Entrepreneur, Southwest Airlines
With a workforce of 1,800+ developers in 20+ global offices, Brainvire has delivered 500+ live apps, 50+ of which have been crowned "App of the Year". The company's customized apps have collectively amassed 50 million+ downloads and 500+ five-star ratings.
A global leader in Android app development for 24+ years, Brainvire Infotech boasts an impressive roster of technology partnerships, including Adobe, Magento, Odoo, BigCommerce, Microsoft, Commercetools, Salesforce, and AWS. The company values excellence, as underscored by its 95% customer retention rate and accolades like the Adobe Experience Maker Award (2022 & 2023).
Brainvire's collaborated with India Infoline Finance Limited (IIFL), a prominent financial institution in the Asia-Pacific region. The project entailed creating an app that allowed users to track incomes and expenses and receive recommendations for smart investments.
Brainvire implemented AI and machine learning (ML) algorithms, which traced transactions through text messages for accurate information on cash flow. It incorporated a scanner that could identify all mutual fund investments through consolidated statements, eliminating the need for manual data entry from users.
As a result, the app's user base exceeded 500,000 users. It also handled $100 million+ in portfolios, connected with 20+ well-known banks, and facilitated $1 million+ in secure transactions.
DesignRush stands out as a reliable source for identifying leading Android app development companies thanks to our executive selection team. Comprising former agency executives and leaders, this team understands the industry and the qualities that distinguish top-tier firms.
Our agency ranking process is based on several rigorous criteria, including:
Verified reviews: Evaluation of client satisfaction, the agency's authority in the category, and the overall quality of their work
Robust portfolio: Assessment of projects through case studies, outcomes, and success stories
Accolades and press mentions: Recognition for thought leadership, industry reputation, and innovative practices
Team bios: In-depth analysis of workforce profiles, experience, and specializations
Top services: Identification of areas of expertise and core offers
10 Most Popular Android App Development Companies Compared
Agency name
Location
Hourly rate
Size
Best for
Zazz
Seattle, WA
$50
250 - 499
Overall
Appinventiv
Noida, India
$25
1,000 & Up
Food industry
Surf
Wilmington, DE
$49
100 - 249
Online banking
Hyperlink InfoSystem
New York City, NY
$50
250 - 499
NFT marketplaces
Uptech
Gdynia, Poland
$45
50 - 99
Retail platforms
Stfalcon
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
Inquire
100 - 249
Emergency services
Diffco
Sunnyvale, CA
$70
Under 49
Smart solutions
Trango Tech
San Jose, CA
$25
100 - 249
eCommerce
Designli
Greenville, SC
$65
Under 49
Personal growth and wellness tools
Brainvire
Irving, TX
$25
1,000 & Up
Fintech
Best Android App Developers
779 Companies-Rankings updated: September 03, 2026
All Android app developers listed on DesignRush are reviewed based on industry expertise, service capabilities, and client feedback. Some placements may be sponsored.
Sunmait is a team of over 150 seasoned professionals dedicated to delivering comprehensive development services. Our expertise spans a wide range of advanced technologies, including AI, ensuring innovative solutions tailored to your needs...
Award WinnerRecipient of a Best Design Award for outstanding work.
Innovating Your Digital Future
DigiNeat is a team of professionals who create stunning designs and integrate cutting-edge technologies to increase sales. We help businesses stand out in the online space and attract customers with unique solutions that combine creativity and efficiency...
Salesforce, Hubspot, GoHighLevel, Web and Mobile App Development Services
Dean Infotech provides end-to-end, best and customised Salesforce and Hubspot CRM Development, Software Development, Website Designing & Development, and Mobile Apps Development. With a team of 100+ skilled professionals including developers, designers, and consultants possesses a deep understanding of the...
PowerGate Software has a plethora of over 200 successfully delivered projects to clients located across the world. Our client case studies demonstrate a 96% satisfaction rate, ranging from small start-up businesses to multi-national conglomerates...
VerifiedVerified by the DesignRush team for authenticity and credibility.
AI-Powered Innovation, Delivered
Debut Infotech is a leader in advanced technological solutions, specializing in AI, Blockchain, Smart Contracts, IoT, and mobile and web development...
Developing the Future - Propelling Business Growth with Technology
Vizion Systems specialises in developing Quality cloud based software applications for businesses using the very latest Cloud technologies. Applications are typically compatible with any device; PC, Laptop, Tablet or Mobile and operating system/browser. Moreover, Vizions advanced Account Management and...
Cleveroad is a leading provider of web and mobile solutions that cater to diverse industries and budgets. With a global team of skilled IT professionals and expertise earned from developing 500+ custom apps, we offer end-to-end development services, UI/UX design, cloud-based solutions, and advanced...
We boost businesses with expert AI software development and web solutions, offering products and consulting across industries like automotive, IT, and healthcare etc. Partner with us to grow in the digital era using innovative technology...
Softude is a top AI agent development company in the USA, delivering intelligent AI systems and enterprise software solutions to businesses globally. CMMI Level 5 appraised. 20 plus years of experience...
Softura is a leading IT Services company with 25+ years of experience in the US and in India, delivering solutions across many industries and verticals. Powered by 300+ professionals we Discover, Define, Develop, and Deliver high-quality custom software solutions both On-Shore and Off-Shore...
A product innovation studio for AI, Mobile and Web.
Got a mobile or web product idea? AI-mazing!Welcome to Roro Solutions - your go-to product studio for AI, mobile, and web innovation. We are a group of technologists, geeking out on technologies that are shaping our collective future...
Accelerate software development, delight your users and reach your goals.
Wawandco is dedicated to propelling businesses forward by seamlessly integrating teams to design captivating, interactive, and scalable applications using Go, Web technologies, and industry best practices. Elevate your technology strategy with us!...
Custom software solutions to elevate your business.
X-TECH stands at the forefront of innovation, boasting 16 years of unparalleled expertise in Web, Mobile App, Game, AR & VR, and Metaverse development. Entrust your digital aspirations to us, and let our seasoned team turn your visions into reality with precision and proficiency...
Designveloper is a leading software development company in Vietnam, founded in 2013 and headquartered in Ho Chi Minh City. Our mission is to help startups and enterprises transform ideas into real, impactful products...
Global Enterprise Mobility (GEM) – the global technology and IT services company - is one of the proud representatives for the emerging Vietnamese IT sector...
KASATKIN is an innovative firm specializing in development blockchain products. Leveraging our extensive expertise, our expert team is committed to delivering exceptional services...
Award WinnerRecipient of a Best Design Award for outstanding work.
Bridge the Gap Between Ideas & Digital Experiences
Actively identify tech & product opportunities to transform your ideas into engaging and accessible digital experiences.Our clients from Africa, US or EU enjoy great returns such as 2M monthly users or 10k downloads in the first 10 days of launching their app...
Custom software, web & mobile app development company based in the US. We build with Laravel, MERN & Flutter one in-house team handling everything from design to launch, fixed-price options...
Helpful Insight delivers cutting-edge AI, mobile app, and web solutions tailored for startups, SMBs, and enterprises. We combine technical excellence with a collaborative approach to build impactful digital products and enhance internal tools, driving innovation and growth for businesses of all size...
We design & build custom software solutions for SMEs and scale-ups. You own the code
At LNOKS, were your trusted tech partner. We help Startups and SMBs supercharge their products with AI-driven solutions, enchance the features quality to secure funding rounds, develop custom solutions in the SaaS, Educational, Beauty, Fintech and Retail domains, and scale product teams...
Mobitouch is a software development company from Poland specializing in mobile app development, web development, Flutter, .NET, React, UX/UI design, AI solutions, VR/AR, MVP development, product design, and staff augmentation for startups, scaleups, and enterprise clients...
Entrust the development of your business-critical software to professionals
Polytech Software is a Ukrainian software outsourcing company that sets up and runs world-class software development teams. We have staffed thousands of software engineering positions...
Transforming businesses with custom AI development
Xicom has been building software and mobile apps that moves businesses forward. Over 20+ years, we have grown into a trusted AI development company, delivering 1800+ projects to 750+ clients across 50+ countries, including startups, SMBs, and enterprises...
Bright people building bright software | Technology Partner for Web, Mobile & AI Product Development
Brights is a software development company with 120+ engineers, delivering 300+ projects for startups and enterprises, including Fortune 500, across 30+ countries. We build scalable web, mobile and AI-powered products with a strong focus on quality and long-term partnerships...
Zagaran, Inc. is a Harvard-alumni led software development company headquartered in Boston, MA. Our company philosophy is very simple: We choose to do right by our clients. We stand by our software, we stand by our clients, and we stand by our community. Clients trust us to build technology critical to their...
Netguru is a trusted partner in digital commerce. We help leading brands modernize B2B solutions, marketplaces, and retail ecosystems with AI-driven technology, design, and engineering excellence...
Cyfrania serves as a professional software development consultancy, dedicated to assisting our clients in enhancing their applications and staying at the forefront of technological advancements. Our team of engineers provides ongoing, valuable insights, fostering a continuous exchange of ideas and ensuring...
Bringing Innovations In Technology And Passion For Excellence
B2C Info Solutions is a premium digital technology company that provides end-to-end product engineering services. We leverage the power of experience design, cutting-edge engineering and cloud to build disruptive web and mobile Applications and enable digital transformation for businesses...
Software Design and Development Partner | UI/UX Design
For over the decade OTAKOYI designs and builds software products for Startups, Scaleups and Industry Giants worldwide. Our main goal is to help businesses succeed by delivering digital products of world-class standard, made up by the best engineering teams from Eastern Europe.We are proud of being trusted by...
Your trusted partner for cutting-edge mobile app development.
Discover innovation and excellence at IMG Global Infotech! Immerse yourself in cutting-edge services and high-quality development solutions that redefine the digital landscape. Our dynamic work environment fosters creativity and collaboration to fuel groundbreaking ideas...
Founded in 2020, we've quickly become the trusted partner for brands seeking to amplify their voice and redefine success. Experience the difference with Brandinc PR where your story meets its full potential...
Product Engineering & Digital Transformation Partner | Turning Complex Ideas Into Digital Experience
Product Engineering and Digital Transformation Partner helping startups, Fortune 500 companies, and enterprises build, modernize, and scale digital products and systems. We combine product, design, engineering, AI, and cloud expertise to deliver technology solutions built for performance and long-te...
Design Zilla is an AI-powered Development Consultancy that enables its customers to use data-driven products and solutions to receive the promised value and growth in ROI...
IXD Büro is a cozy European atelier specializing in custom web design and exceptional UX/UI solutions. As a boutique studio, our small, dedicated team approaches each project like true craftsmen...
Building Intelligent Healthcare Solutions for a Better Tomorrow
Dash Technologies is a strategic technology partner for MedTech innovators, Digital Health platforms, Life Sciences enterprises, and the broader healthcare ecosystem including providers, patients, payers, pharmaceutical companies, and medical device manufacturers...
Wonder Makers is a digital product studio from Prague. We design and build websites, web apps and mobile apps. We aim to deliver high-end design and UX for all projects. We work with corporates, startups and individuals...
We deliver best problem solving solution for our client and provide finest finishing product in present and upcoming future. We love turning ideas into websites that work smoothly. we enjoy finding simple solutions to tricky problems. For us, every project is a chance to learn, improve, and have a little fun...
MAXAIX is not your typical IT services company. With 14 years of collective experience in the tech industry, we are a team of passionate tech enthusiasts. Our journey started with a fervor for pushing the limits of technology. We've lent our expertise to global tech achievements and are fueled by an...
Serbyte Web Design & Development builds custom websites that function as growth systems, combining web design, Next.js development, SEO, analytics, lead capture, and automation to help businesses turn traffic into leads and sales...
Our Mission : To Deliver Integrated, Vibrant and Streamlined ѕоlutіоnѕ for clients across the Globe, By maintaining Honesty, Transparency, and Trust with fair margins...
Developer Bazaar Technologies is a Top AI Development company building custom Mobile App & Software Development and specializing in building AI Solutions delivering mesurable outcome...
9Yards Technology helps enterprises scale engineering teams with pre-vetted IT professionals through flexible IT Staff Augmentation and dedicated development solutions...
We're a creative design agency in Vadodara creating custom web and mobile app projects for startups and enterprises. Since 2011, we are committed to delivering scalable web, mobile app and IoT solutions to clients across the globe...
Vrinsoft is the most promising IT solution providing company, based in India which is a one-stop shop for all your business needs. We are a Microsoft certified IT company, which besides rendering professional and comprehensive business solutions also cater a range of services in mobile technologies...
At Magora, we transform your digital dreams into reality. Our innovative solutions blend cutting-edge technology with creative expertise to deliver bespoke software and mobile applications tailored to your unique needs...
IT WAVES is a company specialising in developing and crafting mobile and web applications for businesses of various sizesFrom UI/UX design to publishing, they leverage their expertise in cutting-edge technologies to deliver end-to-end solutions that empower clients to achieve their strategic goals...
Tailor-made eCommerce, IoT, and FinTech software solutions
Everything from user-friendly e-commerce websites to complex systems for state-owned enterprises, we create high-performance software that solves real business problems...
Simple apps with basic features may cost $5,000 to $20,000
Mid-level apps with integrations cost $20,000 to $75,000
Complex apps with advanced functionality can exceed $75,000 to $200,000
Costs come from several stages of the build process:
UI/UX design: $2,000 to $15,000 Wireframes, user flows, interface design, and interaction design.
Frontend development: $5,000 to $50,000+ Android interface, screens, user interactions, and device optimization.
Backend development: $5,000 to $60,000+ Servers, databases, APIs, authentication systems, and integrations.
Testing and QA: $2,000 to $15,000 Device testing, bug fixing, performance testing, and security checks.
Project management: $1,000 to $10,000 Planning, coordination, and delivery oversight.
Maintenance after launch: 15% to 20% of the original development cost per year.
What factors determine the final price?
The final cost depends mainly on app complexity, design quality, features, development team location, and ongoing maintenance.
App complexity: Basic apps cost less. Apps with payments, real-time features, or large databases cost more.
Design and UX quality: Custom UI, animations, and advanced interaction design increase development time and cost.
Features and integrations: APIs, payment systems, geolocation, and third-party services add development work.
Development team location: Android app development companies in North America charge the most. Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia usually cost less.
Maintenance and updates: Ongoing support, bug fixes, and OS updates typically cost 15 to 20% of the original development cost each year.
Simple apps: 1 to 3 months Basic features and minimal backend.
Medium-complexity apps: 3 to 6 months User accounts, APIs, integrations, and databases.
Complex apps: 6 to 12+ months Real-time features, payments, advanced security, and large systems.
How often should an Android app be updated and why?
Top Android app development companies update apps every 1 to 3 months, with faster updates for bug fixes, security issues, or urgent performance problems.
Regular updates keep the app stable. They fix bugs, improve speed, and reduce crashes.
Security updates protect users. Apps need patches when new risks or vulnerabilities appear.
OS updates require compatibility fixes. Android changes over time, so apps need updates to keep working properly on new devices and versions.
Feature updates keep the app competitive. New features and UX improvements help retain users and meet changing expectations.
Too few updates can hurt retention. An outdated app can feel broken, slow, or abandoned.
Do Android app developers handle app store publishing?
Yes. Most Android app developers handle Google Play Store publishing as part of the development or launch process.
They typically prepare the app build, configure the Google Play Console, upload the Android Package Kit (APK) or Android App Bundle (AAB), add store assets such as screenshots and descriptions, and submit the app for review. Many companies also manage updates, version releases, and compliance requirements after launch.