Explore leading Android app developers specializing in custom mobile apps, scalable architectures, API integrations, and user-focused UI/UX design. Our team curated a list of vetted agencies that build high-performance Android apps designed for reliability, usability, and long-term growth.
DesignRush presents a curated list of the top players in the industry, chosen from 1,160+ Android app development companies. Our selection process thoroughly evaluates portfolios, client testimonials, industry standing, pricing structures, and other crucial factors. This ensures you’ll discover a reliable app development partner that aligns with your project requirements.
The Number 1 Android App Development Company as Selected by DesignRush Is:
Notable clients: Citibank, BBC News, JP Morgan, ESPN, Ideal Protein
Zazz is home to a team of 275+ software engineers and designers across seven US cities. It holds a track record of 763 projects delivered, 397 apps deployed, $770 million+ total client revenue generated, and a 95% customer satisfaction rating. The company also has partner certifications with industry giants like AWS, Google Developers, Roku, SAP, Braze, and Adobe.
In 2020, Zazz received a Webby Award for outstanding digital product strategy, design, and development. It has also earned a spot on the Inc. 5000 and America's Fastest Growing Companies lists.
Ideal Protein wanted a comprehensive digital solution that helped users achieve their fitness goals through a personalized three-phase protocol for weight loss, stabilization, and maintenance.
Zazz developed the Ideal Protein App, a versatile pocket companion that integrated IoT with weighing scales, enabled QR code scanning for nutrition information, and optimized search functionalities for clinics and health coaches. The app boasts 1 million+ active users and has generated $277 million+ in revenue.
Comprising 1,500+ tech experts and Android app developers, Appinventiv is proficient in business intelligence, Big Data analytics, AI, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Through its agile methodologies, it delivers projects 57% faster than traditional methods. The company has secured $950M+ in investment funds for 1,000+ startups.
Its published apps have been recognized by Entrepreneur magazine and AppFutura and consistently receive an average 4.5-star rating on the Google Play Store. Appinventiv was also awarded the No. 1 App Development Company in 2020 by the Business of Apps.
Appinventiv has a security- and compliance-first approach to Android app development as it adheres to regulations like the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS).
Appinventiv was hired to enhance KFC's digital presence in the Middle East. A significant portion of orders came through expensive aggregator apps, leading to increased costs and poor user experiences on KFC's platform.
The agency developed and launched seven KFC food delivery apps across the UAE, KSA, Kuwait, Egypt, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. This aimed to reduce dependency on aggregators and strengthen KFC's direct digital presence in the region.
The mobile applications built by Appinventiv generated the following results:
Notable clients: Google, The Home Depot, Burger King, SAP, SBI Bank
Surf has 13+ years of cross-industry expertise in serving 200+ global enterprises, renowned international brands, large-scale enterprises, and Y Combinator startups. Its customized apps collectively have a 4.83-star average Google Play Store rating.
Leveraging SurfGen, its proprietary automation software, Surf delivers Android development services up to 20% faster than regular timelines. Surf can help augment in-house teams and transition low-code/no-code programs into a native product.
SBI Bank approached Surf to revamp its family banking app, which was outdated and attracted only 400 users. The challenge was to create a user-friendly, family-oriented mobile application.
Surf enabled shared access to bank accounts and individual limits for different family members based on needs. The new app amassed over 9,000 monthly users and was also nominated as the Best Family Banking Product in 2022 by Markswebb, a consulting agency.
Notable clients: Papa John's, Astral Pipes, T75, MEDVENTURE, RUMMY
With 1,000+ dedicated developers and designers, the company has successfully served 2,700+ satisfied clients, garnering 110 million+ downloads on the Play Store across 4,500+ apps. Hyperlink offers flexible partnership models, namely, fixed price, dedicated team, and on-site development for more effective communication.
Hyperlink InfoSystem has a global presence in New York, California, Dubai, and India. It’s a member of the Gujarat Electronics & Software Industries Association (GESIA) and an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001:2013-certified company. It also boasts official partnerships with Salesforce, Google, Oracle, and AWS.
Hyperlink InfoSystem worked with a client to develop a unique NFT marketplace app for short videos. Dissatisfied with the limitations of the current blockchain ecosystem, the client approached Hyperlink InfoSystem to create a more secure, scalable, and faster platform.
Hyperlink built an app that featured video listings, a search bar, filters for navigation, buy-and-bid functionality, and a user wallet with popular integrations. It also developed smart contracts to reduce transaction fees. The resulting app increased the user base substantially, stored 100,000-200,000 tokens, and received positive overall feedback.
Notable clients: Dollar Shave Club, Aspiration, Yaza, Sprent, Rivalz
Uptech has a 90-member strong team, dispersed across offices in the U.S., Estonia, Ukraine, Cyprus, and Poland. It has delivered 150+ products to clients in 12 countries, providing comprehensive team extension and end-to-end Android app development solutions.
The agency has collaborated with Fortune 500 companies, entities on the Inc. 5000 list, and ambitious technology startups. It has been recognized with an honorable mention from Awwwards and the Mobile Excellence Award.
The Android app developer leverages Kotlin, Coroutines/RxJava, Dagger, Retrofit, Room, and JUnit in its development. In addition, Uptech employs the Clean Architecture approach and adheres to Google's design and material guidelines, ensuring consistent placement for its apps on Google Play. It also upholds Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Coding Practices and GDPR.
GOAT, a global retail platform for sneakers, apparel, and accessories, collaborated with Uptech to enhance its buyer- and seller-facing app, Alias. The challenge was to make the existing "Offer Flow" feature more interactive, ensure smooth user experiences with multiple simultaneous videos, and execute comprehensive week-long sale campaigns.
Uptech introduced a custom price selector view for the "Offer Flow" to optimize video loading and launch multifaceted campaigns. Over three years of partnership, the agency successfully implemented all required features, earned the GOAT app a 4.5 rating on the Play Store, and secured $450M in funding.
Notable clients: Strong Mom, Bingebooks, TaskRunner, Vethem, Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine
Stfalcon comprises 60+ specialists who collectively contribute to 14+ years of the agency's experience in the market. It can complete business analysis within four to six weeks and quickly develop minimum viable products (MVPs) for startups in just two to three months.
Stfalcon excels in implementing GPS tracking, real-time synchronization, and third-party systems like payment gateways. The company's Android technology stack includes Native Android, Room, Firebase, CI/CD systems, Dependency Injection, Retrofit, Gson, and Kotlin Multiplatform Mobile.
The agency has an ISO 9001:2015 International Management System Certification. It was also recognized in 2019 as the Top Mobile Developer by ThinkMobiles.com and the Top Flutter Developer by Top App Development Companies.
Collaborating with Ajax Systems and receiving support from the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine, Stfalcon designed the "Air Alert" app to deliver timely notifications about dangers like airstrikes and missile attacks.
Within a week of launch, the app garnered 140,000+ users across Ukraine. Subsequent developments, including features like multi-subscription, English voiceovers, and emergency service integrations, propelled the app to 24 million+ installations.
Recognized by Techreviewer as one of the Top Mobile App Developers, Diffco offers diverse project approaches such as mobile-only solutions, comprehensive mobile and backend development, web versions, and intuitive admin panels for both mobile and web apps.
Diffco offers end-to-end Android app development and in-house team extension. It leverages analytics and builds conversion funnels that optimize products, UI/UX, content, and processes, helping your marketing teams maximize profits.
Diffco collaborated with Clovitek on a software stack for its wireless audio transmitter. The Diffco team customized the CloviFi firmware, an optimized audio streaming protocol, and a mobile application for Android. This solution adapted the streaming protocol based on user numbers and network stability, ensuring minimal latency and high sound quality in various network conditions.
The Android app offers a user-friendly interface, native audio controls, and seamless audio transmission to multiple devices via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Diffco implemented reliable software updates and remote maintenance for efficient customer support.
Operating from its head office in the U.S., Trango Tech boasts a team of 200+ Android developers who have earned the trust of 500+ clients in 200 cities. It has successfully created 147+ Android apps in over two decades of service.
Trango Tech's Android app development services cover expert app update management, continuous enhancement, and bug elimination. Its developers also excel in app portability tests and Android widget development with a focus on UI/UX.
Trango Tech worked on Goto, a one-stop online shopping marketplace, to overcome several challenges and enhance the buyer experience. It implemented an integrated system that included:
Dynamic cart rules
Fraud management systems
Seller education programs
Inventory switching processes
Complaint management section
Contact center solution
HR management
Warehouse management
The revolutionized Goto app was able to manage 20.3 million daily visitors.
In its proprietary SolutionLab phase, Designli creates an architectural blueprint for development, covering its features, functions, business models, risks, and investment requirements. Following the lean startup methodology, it first develops an MVP to reduce costs and get customer validation before extensive investment. The agency also adheres to Google-led design and development guidelines when building and testing apps, guaranteeing consistency.
Designli developed Icueity, a platform that aims to improve self-awareness through continuous, holistic feedback from peers. The resulting native Android app incorporated à la carte pricing for features like polls, status updates, and milestone reviews. Designli also provides ongoing support and iteration, maintaining flexibility for future enhancements.
Notable clients: IIFL, Fox Sports, Fossil, Entrepreneur, Southwest Airlines
With a workforce of 1,800+ developers in 20+ global offices, Brainvire has delivered 500+ live apps, 50+ of which have been crowned "App of the Year". The company's customized apps have collectively amassed 50 million+ downloads and 500+ five-star ratings.
A global leader in Android app development for 24+ years, Brainvire Infotech boasts an impressive roster of technology partnerships, including Adobe, Magento, Odoo, BigCommerce, Microsoft, Commercetools, Salesforce, and AWS. The company values excellence, as underscored by its 95% customer retention rate and accolades like the Adobe Experience Maker Award (2022 & 2023).
Brainvire's collaborated with India Infoline Finance Limited (IIFL), a prominent financial institution in the Asia-Pacific region. The project entailed creating an app that allowed users to track incomes and expenses and receive recommendations for smart investments.
Brainvire implemented AI and machine learning (ML) algorithms, which traced transactions through text messages for accurate information on cash flow. It incorporated a scanner that could identify all mutual fund investments through consolidated statements, eliminating the need for manual data entry from users.
As a result, the app's user base exceeded 500,000 users. It also handled $100 million+ in portfolios, connected with 20+ well-known banks, and facilitated $1 million+ in secure transactions.
DesignRush stands out as a reliable source for identifying leading Android app development companies thanks to our executive selection team. Comprising former agency executives and leaders, this team understands the industry and the qualities that distinguish top-tier firms.
Our agency ranking process is based on several rigorous criteria, including:
Verified reviews: Evaluation of client satisfaction, the agency's authority in the category, and the overall quality of their work
Robust portfolio: Assessment of projects through case studies, outcomes, and success stories
Accolades and press mentions: Recognition for thought leadership, industry reputation, and innovative practices
Team bios: In-depth analysis of workforce profiles, experience, and specializations
Top services: Identification of areas of expertise and core offers
10 Most Popular Android App Development Companies Compared
Agency name
Location
Hourly rate
Size
Best for
Zazz
Seattle, WA
$50
250 - 499
Overall
Appinventiv
Noida, India
$25
1,000 & Up
Food industry
Surf
Wilmington, DE
$49
100 - 249
Online banking
Hyperlink InfoSystem
New York City, NY
$50
250 - 499
NFT marketplaces
Uptech
Gdynia, Poland
$45
50 - 99
Retail platforms
Stfalcon
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
Inquire
100 - 249
Emergency services
Diffco
Sunnyvale, CA
$70
Under 49
Smart solutions
Trango Tech
San Jose, CA
$25
100 - 249
eCommerce
Designli
Greenville, SC
$65
Under 49
Personal growth and wellness tools
Brainvire
Irving, TX
$25
1,000 & Up
Fintech
Best Android App Developers
3,896 Companies-Rankings updated: August 31, 2026
All Android app developers listed on DesignRush are reviewed based on industry expertise, service capabilities, and client feedback. Some placements may be sponsored.
We create digital ecosystems where work flows without obstacles. Just as everything in nature is interconnected, we understand that each piece in the digital world plays an essential role. That is why we work to ensure that each component coexists and interacts in perfect harmony...
We are a creative marketing studio focused on crafting meaningful impact through strategy, design, and technology. We help brands grow, connect, and stand out in the digital space from bold visual identities to engaging web experiences. Driven by curiosity and data, we turn ideas into results that truly...
Etixio provides offshore IT expertise to help companies scale faster. We deliver dedicated teams, custom web and mobile development, and reliable tech capacity with flexible engagement models and competitive pricing...
BrandMan is a creative digital studio agency dedicated to building strong and impactful brands. We specialize in branding, logo design, brand identity, packaging design, UI/UX design, and video production. Our team blends creativity with strategy to deliver visually compelling and result-driven solutions...
Erudite Apex builds AI-integrated, full-stack software solutions that help businesses automate workflows, enhance decision-making, and scale with confidence...
At Shispare, we're more than a tech company, we're a business's partner in innovation, with agile team of experts turning complex problems into smart, scalable solutions. We believe every business needs tailor made solutions that help them grow smarter, and faster...
iMOBDEV Technologies is the Top Mobile App Development Company in India. We offer android mobile app development, iOS Mobile App Development, iPad app Development, Native app development services for 10 years. We attempt to come up with the conspicuous outcomes for the website and mobile apps development. As...
Elexoft is a top rated software house in Pakistan. We offer our services in web development, graphic designing, crm development, digital marketing and mobile apps development...
AdBriewer is a technology-driven creative communication agency. Helping Brands as their trusted partner consulting firm. The agency also excels in branding, helping companies to build and refine their identities to stand out in the market. Social media management is another area of expertise for AdBriewer...
Egletr is a specialized link-building agency helping brands increase authority, rankings, and organic visibility. We focus on white-hat, relationship-based link acquisition that delivers long-term SEO value. From niche edits to contextual backlinks, our strategies are data-driven, transparent, and built to...
We don't operate like other software companies. Fast-growing software company, Uniqual, supports both large corporations and modest startups. We work in small teams and make decisions without deliberation or excessive analysis; great decisions are frequently no-brainers...
Affordable Technical Solutions Provider To The World.
Affordable Technical Solutions Provider To The World.
Softradix is a technical solution provider company and has been helping businesses since 2017. We are an expert team of Flutter, Angular, PHP, React.js, and full-stack developers...
DevStory is a premier app development company with 7+ years of expertise in delivering future-ready digital solutions. We bridge the gap between visionary ideas and market-ready products by combining cutting-edge technologies like AI, machine learning (ML), and natural language processing (NLP) with agile...
Limeup is a global application and software development company that turns complex ideas into powerful digital solutions. We help B2B and enterprise clients build high-quality digital products that enable scalable growth...
At InternetStars Agency, we specialize in leveraging cutting-edge technology to provide businesses with complete mobile app solutions. From eCommerce platforms to marketing strategies and everything in between, we can be your definitive guide on the path towards truly revolutionary innovation...
The Joseph Company is a trusted technology partner providing custom web development & IT services to businesses across St. Louis and Southern Illinois. Headquartered in Arnold, Missouri, we serve clients throughout the region with a commitment to excellence, responsiveness, and long-term partnership...
Tryambaka Techno Solution provides bunch of all services at one place right from your website / Mobile App / Software Development to Digital Marketing. We can proudly say that solving complex problems and delivering high quality solutions to our clients within their time and budget gives us utmost...
DigiSplix is your reliable and trusted partner for digital growth, dedicated to transforming your business aspirations into reality. Through innovation and collaboration, we navigate the dynamic digital landscape to fuel your business's growth and success...
Web development, web design, website creation, Wordpress developer.
Web development, web design, website creation, Wordpress developer.
Introducing HUTKO, your premier digital transformation partner. We specialize in web and mobile development, e-commerce solutions, custom software, UI/UX design, and server management. Our expert team delivers innovative, high-quality solutions tailored to your business needs. Choose from flexible engagement...
Helping Home Service Businesses Grow Their Revenue & Market Share.
Helping Home Service Businesses Grow Their Revenue & Market Share.
Forward First Media has been transforming single-location local businesses in Michigan into multi-location successes for over a decade. Our expertise lies in scaling businesses efficiently and effectively. With a proven track record, we drive growth and expansion for our clients...
Artificial Intelligence Solutions and Software Factory.
Artificial Intelligence Solutions and Software Factory.
SOLUTECIA is an innovative company in the application of new technologies for the benefit of companies. We are experts in artificial intelligence, blockchain, telemedicine, teleworking platforms, and software factories...
Your business deserves a standout website. We're here to build that.
Your business deserves a standout website. We're here to build that.
Choosing Macovin Web Co. means choosing a partner dedicated to your success. Our goal is to provide you with comprehensive website services that are not only cost-effective but also scalable to support your business growth...
Dawa is a web agency, specializing in the creation and redesign of turnkey websites and mobile applications. We offer UX/UI design, WordPress, and custom development services, delivering elegant, functional, and responsive websites tailored to clients' needs and budgets...
Whether you're a startup aiming to launch a new app or an established business looking to upgrade your digital infrastructure, Appniacs is your go-to partner for reliable, high-performance solutions...
Experience the game-changing power of technology with Veuz Concepts. At Veuz, we're dedicated to providing top-notch IT solutions that revolutionize businesses. Let's turn your concepts into success stories, together!...
SAY HELLO TO YOUR NEW DESIGN & GROWTH PARTNERWe help brands look better, sound clearer, and convert more. From custom websites built to perform, to bold branding and creative that actually gets noticed, everything we create is made to help your business stand out, build trust, and grow...
As a nationwide IT company, we are very used to working with nationwide customers. We have a business area that focuses solely on this. We understand the importance of high availability, cost control and also simplicity for end users...
MIT-DEV is a boutique development agency with 14 years of expertise and a focused team of 20+ senior developers. We deliver custom solutions in Core Technology, Emerging Tech, Infrastructure & Operations, and Strategic Services...
EXOBLOC a UAE-based blockchain & IT services firm delivers enterprise-grade blockchain, AI and data-driven solutions designed to help companies scale securely and efficiently. They specialize in services like supply-chain transparency, identity verification, real-estate and gold tokenization, plus bespoke AI...
Brndry is a full service strategic branding and digital growth agency delivering end-to-end creative, marketing and development solutions. From crafting distinctive brand identities and intuitive digital experiences to executing performance-driven marketing campaigns. Brndry partners with businesses across...
Leading Mobile App Development Company in India | Android, iOS & Website Experts
Leading Mobile App Development Company in India | Android, iOS & Website Experts
TechQware Technologies is a Noida, India-based mobile app development company delivering scalable, performance-driven Android and iOS solutions focused on real ROI. Trusted by global clients across the UK, USA, and Europe, we are recognized as a leading company in app and software development...
XOANCE is your trusted partner for innovative digital solutions that transform how your business connects with customers. Our Design as a Service (DaaS) approach focuses on delivering intuitive, visually compelling designs that reflect your brand identity and create exceptional user experiences. With a strong...
Carmatec is an enterprise IT solutions provider with over 23+ years of proven industry experience and has successfully carved out a niche in web development, software and application design and development apart from its expertise in mobile development, managed IT services & cloud solutions...
We turn creative businesses into unforgettable brands. From visionary websites to scroll-stopping content, we combine design and development with digital mastery to drive exceptional growth for studios, agencies, and design-led teams...
ScriptLab Solutions (OPC) Pvt. Ltd. is a best web design and web development company, specializing in creating innovative designs and robust solutions for Web, Mobile, and Cloud platforms at competitive prices...
Hypnotic builds bold, scalable digital products for web, mobile, e-commerce and AI.
Hypnotic builds bold, scalable digital products for web, mobile, e-commerce and AI.
Hypnotic is a digital agency that designs and develops web and mobile apps, e-commerce platforms, and digital products. We combine UX/UI, strategy, and technology to deliver scalable, high-performance solutions for startups and enterprises...
#1 Web Design Company in Dubai | Planet Green Solutions Dubai
#1 Web Design Company in Dubai | Planet Green Solutions Dubai
With 14+ years of expertise, Planet Green Solutions is a premier digital agency specializing in stunning web design & mobile app development. Having delivered 800+ projects, 400+ clients, we provide smart, scalable, AI-enhanced and professional tech solutions for enterprises and individuals globally...
We Help New inspired Entrepreneurs to introduce their brain-child to the digital world
We Help New inspired Entrepreneurs to introduce their brain-child to the digital world
"Webrication or ONE STOP SHOP" at your services, saving your time is our utmost priority and we here do it in a creative way. Where there is a greater demand of online shopping and where people are looking for ways to save time, we at webrication bring a ONE STOP SHOP for all your problems. We value your time...
Digital Product Design & Software Engineering Partner
Digital Product Design & Software Engineering Partner
Ingenuity is a prominent software company that offers a comprehensive range of services, including software outsourcing, technology consulting, and enterprise solutions, to clients across the globe.We collaborate with startups, creative agencies, and enterprises to develop innovative solutions that...
At Synergetica, we take pride in our two-decade-long legacy of delivering unparalleled creative software solutions. Our clientele includes renowned world leaders and dynamic organizations navigating the complexities of the global business landscape. What sets us apart is not merely our extensive experience...
Hatom is a tech-driven agency bridging the gap between business and digital innovation. We specialize in MVP development, custom software, web and mobile development, DevOps, cloud migration, and UI/UX design. With global experience, were committed to delivering results and long-term partnerships...
J.Tech - Web Design is a Perth-based marketing agency specializing in WordPress website creation, SEO, and design services. We help businesses with custom-designed websites built using the WordPress CMS, that is SEO optimized to rank highly in search engines like Google and Bing. With 100% customer...
Experience-Driven Engineering to Digitally Transform Your Business To Stay Ahead.
Experience-Driven Engineering to Digitally Transform Your Business To Stay Ahead.
Experience-driven engineering to digitally transform your business to stay ahead. We understand your vision and help you build your thoughts into world-class software products. We work with businesses and individuals to help build world-class products and incubate them to grow. Trust us as your technology...
Simple apps with basic features may cost $5,000 to $20,000
Mid-level apps with integrations cost $20,000 to $75,000
Complex apps with advanced functionality can exceed $75,000 to $200,000
Costs come from several stages of the build process:
UI/UX design: $2,000 to $15,000 Wireframes, user flows, interface design, and interaction design.
Frontend development: $5,000 to $50,000+ Android interface, screens, user interactions, and device optimization.
Backend development: $5,000 to $60,000+ Servers, databases, APIs, authentication systems, and integrations.
Testing and QA: $2,000 to $15,000 Device testing, bug fixing, performance testing, and security checks.
Project management: $1,000 to $10,000 Planning, coordination, and delivery oversight.
Maintenance after launch: 15% to 20% of the original development cost per year.
What factors determine the final price?
The final cost depends mainly on app complexity, design quality, features, development team location, and ongoing maintenance.
App complexity: Basic apps cost less. Apps with payments, real-time features, or large databases cost more.
Design and UX quality: Custom UI, animations, and advanced interaction design increase development time and cost.
Features and integrations: APIs, payment systems, geolocation, and third-party services add development work.
Development team location: Android app development companies in North America charge the most. Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia usually cost less.
Maintenance and updates: Ongoing support, bug fixes, and OS updates typically cost 15 to 20% of the original development cost each year.
Simple apps: 1 to 3 months Basic features and minimal backend.
Medium-complexity apps: 3 to 6 months User accounts, APIs, integrations, and databases.
Complex apps: 6 to 12+ months Real-time features, payments, advanced security, and large systems.
How often should an Android app be updated and why?
Top Android app development companies update apps every 1 to 3 months, with faster updates for bug fixes, security issues, or urgent performance problems.
Regular updates keep the app stable. They fix bugs, improve speed, and reduce crashes.
Security updates protect users. Apps need patches when new risks or vulnerabilities appear.
OS updates require compatibility fixes. Android changes over time, so apps need updates to keep working properly on new devices and versions.
Feature updates keep the app competitive. New features and UX improvements help retain users and meet changing expectations.
Too few updates can hurt retention. An outdated app can feel broken, slow, or abandoned.
Do Android app developers handle app store publishing?
Yes. Most Android app developers handle Google Play Store publishing as part of the development or launch process.
They typically prepare the app build, configure the Google Play Console, upload the Android Package Kit (APK) or Android App Bundle (AAB), add store assets such as screenshots and descriptions, and submit the app for review. Many companies also manage updates, version releases, and compliance requirements after launch.
-Pvt.-Ltd.-logo-listing-webp.webp){kind=logo}
Proposals