Custom mobile app development covers discovery and prototyping, UI/UX design, native or cross-platform engineering, QA, app store submission, and post-launch iteration. A custom build runs from $20,000 to over $100,000 and takes 3 months to over a year, with hourly rates ranging from $20 in Southeast Asia to $150 in North America. The custom and native app development providers below work across every market, ranked by client reviews. Searching specifically for mobile app development companies in the USA? Start there instead.
Organic rankings are determined by five factors: top services, reviews, portfolio, awards/press, and team expertise. Sponsored listings pay for a placement that appears above organic positions. Sponsorship does not affect star ratings or review content - read more on our methodology page.
We are not merely contractors but technology partners with deep industry knowledge for our clients.ASAP excels in leveraging IT products to generate revenue and effectively communicates in business terms...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- Mobile App Development
- Software Development
- IT Services
- Show more
- Location
- Saratov, Russia
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
We`re an IT outsourcing company dedicated to transforming your digital landscape. At Southwave, we focus on innovation and quality. Our team works hard to provide great solutions that meet your tech needs and help your business grow. We offer specialized IT services tailored to your specific needs...
Top Services:
- Web Development
- Mobile App Development
- Software Development
- UI/UX Design
- Show more
- Location
- Sheridan, Wyoming
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $75/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $10,000 - $25,000
Watkyn LLC rapidly develops custom cloud database solutions to help customers streamline and simplify business processes, collect and organize information in one place, and improve the visibility and reportability of their data, all while controlling costs and using resources more efficiently...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- Mobile App Development
- CRM Consulting
- ERP Consulting
- Show more
- Location
- Hollywood, Florida
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
Like real beavers, we believe in building the right way. Dive deep into your industry, then build solutions that last. No shortcuts, just solid work...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- Mobile App Development
- IT Services
- Web Development
- Show more
- Location
- Novi Sad, Serbia
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $35/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
Modhif is a newly found development studio focusing on building scalable software and landing pages that drives more convergence to its customers...
Top Services:
- Web Development
- Mobile App Development
- Digital Marketing
- UI/UX Design
- Show more
- Location
- London, United Kingdom
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $60/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
America's top design and development agency that is striving hard for over a decade now to bring your ideas to life. Find the top talent to get your creatively designed web or app live that suits your brand and requirements...
Top Services:
- Web Development
- Mobile App Development
- eCommerce Development
- Digital Marketing
- Show more
- Location
- Atlanta, Georgia
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
LansoftDev specializes in custom software development and IT services for businesses looking to innovate and grow...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- Mobile App Development
- Web Development
- DevOps Consulting
- Show more
- Location
- Gdansk, Poland
- Number of Employees
- 50 - 99
- Average Hourly Rate
- $50/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
Prosigliere is a technology service company specializing in a Just-in-Time approach to empower businesses with tailored solutions, innovation, and strategic planning for sustainable growth...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- Mobile App Development
- Business Consulting
- Product Design
- Show more
- Location
- Austin, Texas
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $149/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
We create high impact, meaningful AI solutions with creative flair and end-to-end expertise. With over 10 years of working with clients globally across AI, Machine Learning, Cloud & Data Science, we specialise is transforming your ideas into tangible AI products and services...
Top Services:
- AI Development
- Mobile App Development
- Software Development
- VR/AR
- Show more
- Location
- London, United Kingdom
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $200/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $10,000 - $25,000
Black Bullet is a cybersecurity and software development firm delivering adaptive, client-centric solutions to protect against emerging cyber threats and foster secure digital growth...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- Mobile App Development
- UI/UX Design
- Cybersecurity
- Show more
- Location
- Bucharest, Romania
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $99/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $10,000 - $25,000
Bravium Consulting Inc. delivers tailored management and technology consulting solutions, empowering businesses in both public and private sectors to achieve operational excellence and innovation...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- Mobile App Development
- Business Consulting
- IT Services
- Show more
- Location
- Rockville, Maryland
- Number of Employees
- 100 - 249
Dojo IT Solutions builds powerful websites & mobile apps. We handle everything from custom web apps and SEO to native Android & iOS development...
Top Services:
- UI/UX Design
- Mobile App Development
- Software Development
- Software Testing
- Show more
- Location
- Raleigh , North Carolina
- Number of Employees
- 50 - 99
Your SaaS UX/UI Growth Partner - creating products users love and you are proud to launch.Dashboards. Workflows. Onboarding. Mobile extensions...
Top Services:
- UI/UX Design
- Mobile App Development
- Web Development
- Digital Marketing
- Show more
- Location
- Tallinn, Estonia
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $45/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
Onest Tech is a results-driven software development company specializing in custom web and mobile solutions. We deliver high-quality digital products using Flutter, Laravel, React, and more empowering businesses with innovative, user-friendly technology. From startups to enterprises, we turn ideas into...
Top Services:
- Web Development
- Mobile App Development
- UI/UX Design
- eCommerce Development
- Show more
- Location
- Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Number of Employees
- 100 - 249
- Average Hourly Rate
- $25/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
For 15+ years, we've empowered SMEs, startups, and e-commerce ventures with innovative web apps, business systems, and expert web design solutions. Based in Dublin, Ireland, we specialize in delivering innovative digital solutions that are tailored to your unique goals. Whether you're looking to refresh your...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- Mobile App Development
- Web Development
- Blockchain
- Show more
- Location
- Dublin, Ireland
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $100/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
Adactive Asia is Singapore's one and only company that does both hardware and software for your digital projects. We create and develop beautiful and seamless applications that are engaging, interactive, and user-friendly for all...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- Mobile App Development
- Video Production
- Software Development
- Show more
- Location
- Singapore, Singapore
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
Blanmo is a global offshore software development company trusted by leading enterprises to build secure, scalable, and cutting-edge software...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- Mobile App Development
- AI Development
- Cloud Consulting
- Show more
- Location
- Franca, Brazil
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $55/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $25,000 - $50,000
Gravity Works Design & Development is a Lansing, Michigan based digital agency specializing in custom web design, mobile application development, branding and user experience (UX). Established in 2009, the agency combines creative craftsmanship with strategic technology to help businesses from local...
Top Services:
- Web Development
- Mobile App Development
- Web Design
- UI/UX Design
- Show more
- Location
- Lansing, Michigan
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
Devorno is a Ukraine-based business automation agency that develops custom operational systems designed to reduce manual work, improve efficiency, and support scalable growth. The company specializes in CRM systems, AI solutions, chatbots, workflow automation, integrations, and custom software for businesses...
Top Services:
- Web Development
- Mobile App Development
- Digital Services
- Software Development
- Show more
- Location
- Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $40/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
DevBay is a global software & BI consultancy specializing in Microsoft Power BI offering tailored dashboarding, data-visualization, BI integration, and full-stack development services to transform business data into actionable insights and growth...
Top Services:
- Big Data Analytics
- Mobile App Development
- Software Testing
- AI Development
- Show more
- Location
- Cheyenne, Wyoming
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
Paradigm provides custom low-code software solutions. Our commitment is to empower organizations with the tools they need to streamline processes, automate tasks, and scale operations efficiently. Through a fusion of expert development and a deep understanding of our clients' unique challenges, we aim to be...
Top Services:
- Web Development
- Mobile App Development
- Software Development
- AI Development
- Show more
- Location
- Temecula, California
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
Neptune Blue Technology Ltd is a UK-registered development agency specializing in bespoke digital products. We partner with ambitious businesses worldwide to engineer custom software, high-performance cross-platform mobile apps, and intelligent AI automation. We don't rely on off-the-shelf templates; instead...
Top Services:
- AI Development
- Mobile App Development
- Web Development
- Software Development
- Show more
- Location
- London, United Kingdom
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $50/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
UAutomate is a Singapore-based AI automation and software development company helping businesses streamline operations, unlock knowledge from data, and integrate AI securely into everyday workflows...
Top Services:
- AI Development
- Mobile App Development
- Market Research
- Business Consulting
- Show more
- Location
- Singapore, Singapore
- Number of Employees
- 50 - 99
- Average Hourly Rate
- $50/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
MSApps is an AI-first development studio specializing in production Claude agents. We design, ship and govern autonomous AI systems that do real operational work — not demos. Our team pairs deep Anthropic Claude expertise — MCP integrations, agent orchestration and supervised, auditable governance —...
Top Services:
- AI Development
- Mobile App Development
- Software Development
- IoT
- Show more
- Location
- Herzliya, Israel
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $150/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $10,000 - $25,000
Novol is a founder-led software studio operated by FLOWPIX LIMITED (UK Company No. 16157203), registered in England and Wales. We design, ship, and maintain our own products — and take a limited number of partnership projects each year when scope, timeline, and values align. The portfolio spans AI...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- Mobile App Development
- AI Development
- Web Development
- Show more
- Location
- London, United Kingdom
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $50/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $10,000 - $25,000
3 Minds Digital is a design and digital marketing agency with offices in Mumbai, Delhi and the UK. At 3 Minds Digital, we combine design, communication, and digitization to help clients go beyond the conventional route. Our approach moves us away from traditional problem solving, which can often be...
Top Services:
- Digital Marketing
- Web Development
- Digital Services
- Social Media Marketing
- UI/UX Design
- Show more
- Location
- Mumbai, India
- Number of Employees
- 100 - 249
- Average Hourly Rate
- $30/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $10,000 - $25,000
- Portfolios Count
- 3 Projects Listed
World Web Technology is a trusted WordPress development company offering comprehensive services in website design, development, and digital marketing.With a team of skilled professionals and a customer-centric approach, they deliver cutting-edge solutions that help businesses establish a strong online...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- Web Development
- eCommerce Development
- VR/AR
- Mobile App Development
- Show more
- Location
- Ahmedabad, India
- Number of Employees
- 50 - 99
- Average Hourly Rate
- $15/hr
- Minimal Budget
- Under $1,000
- Portfolios Count
- 8 Projects Listed
Depex Technologies is a leading IT solutions provider specializing in app & web development, AI, digital marketing, and automation to drive business growth. Visit: www.depextechnologies.com...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- Mobile App Development
- Digital Marketing
- Branding
- eCommerce Development
- Show more
- Location
- Noida, India
- Number of Employees
- 50 - 99
- Average Hourly Rate
- $25/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
- Portfolios Count
- 4 Projects Listed
Everything to convert your website/mobile app idea into a complete product...
Top Services:
- Mobile App Development
- Web Development
- Software Development
- IoT
- UI/UX Design
- Show more
- Location
- Ahmedabad, India
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $20/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
- Portfolios Count
- 3 Projects Listed
Adaptyve Digital helps growing businesses build custom software, AI solutions and workflow automations that solve real operational challenges. With 25+ years of experience, we provide senior technical expertise without the overhead of a traditional agency...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- AI Development
- Mobile App Development
- Web Development
- eCommerce Development
- Show more
- Location
- Houston, Texas
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $175/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
We specialize in creating and optimizing Shopify stores to ensure the online success of our clients. Our services encompass full support for e-commerce projects, from in-depth assessments and strategic planning to the implementation of customized integrations and unique developments, all the way to ongoing...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- eCommerce Development
- UI/UX Design
- Web Development
- Mobile App Development
- Show more
- Location
- Budapest, Hungary
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $50/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
- Portfolios Count
- 2 Projects Listed
We are Agile Software Agency. We are happy to work with both small and large companies. We speak English...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- WordPress Website Design
- UI/UX Design
- eCommerce Development
- Web Development
- Show more
- Location
- Zabki, Poland
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $40/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
- Portfolios Count
- 1 Project Listed
A proud web design and software company based in Nairobi, Kenya. We guide you on how to succeed online with your website.Online success doesn't just happen. The web designer that you hire plays a very crucial role...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- Web Development
- eCommerce Development
- Software Development
- WordPress Website Design
- Show more
- Location
- Rungiri, Kenya
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $30/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $10,000 - $25,000
- Portfolios Count
- 1 Project Listed
Saberion is an ISO 9001:2015 certified technology company with over 15 years of experience delivering high-quality software development, cloud infrastructure, and digital solutions. Based in Sri Lanka, the company helps businesses build scalable technology platforms and expand their engineering capabilities...
Top Services:
- Web Development
- Web Design
- eCommerce Development
- UI/UX Design
- Software Testing
- Show more
- Location
- Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $10/hr
- Minimal Budget
- Under $1,000
- Portfolios Count
- 1 Project Listed
Nigeria's Cifwep Digital Onitsha. Using creative brand representation, online reputation management, long-term digital marketing strategies and techniques, customer relationship management, website UI/UX design and development, and social media integration and marketing, an innovative digital marketing...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- Advertising
- PPC
- Digital Marketing
- Social Media Marketing
- Show more
- Location
- Onitsha, Nigeria
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $50/hr
- Minimal Budget
- Under $1,000
- Portfolios Count
- 1 Project Listed
With more than 13 years of experience in software development and consultancy, Tremend proved its engineering DNA developing high-grade projects successfully delivered for major telecom operators, automotive companies, retailers, banking institutions and healthcare industry...
Top Services:
- eCommerce Development
- UI/UX Design
- Web Design
- WordPress Website Design
- Web Development
- Show more
- Location
- Bucharest, Romania
- Number of Employees
- 100 - 249
unicrew is a full-scale software development, consulting and design company, which provides a full spectrum of services - from design and software development to the unfailing commitment to quality assurance...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- Product Design
- Web Design
- Web Development
- eCommerce Development
- Show more
- Location
- Lviv, Ukraine
- Number of Employees
- 50 - 99
- Average Hourly Rate
- $60/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $10,000 - $25,000
Right Information is an applied software engineering company. We cover the full spectrum of custom software development services, from end-to-end platform development, engineering consultancy, through specialized professional services, to ongoing support and maintenance of the software systems...
Top Services:
- Software Development
- Wearables
- AI Development
- eCommerce Development
- Web Development
- Show more
- Location
- Wroclaw, Poland
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $70/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $10,000 - $25,000
We help companies create new software products or solve problems with existing, define and meet time-to-market with precise budgeting. We deliver business-critical products in the shortest time-to-market and with the highest attention to detail...
Top Services:
- Blockchain
- Software Development
- Mobile App Development
- Location
- London, United Kingdom
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Portfolios Count
- 1 Project Listed
bitorbit is a digital agency based in Berlin...
Top Services:
- Digital Services
- Design Services
- UI/UX Design
- Web Development
- Branding
- Show more
- Location
- Berlin, Germany
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
Happy Team is dedicated to delivering high-quality software solutions tailored to diverse industries such as e-commerce, logistics, and eMobility. With a commitment to excellence, we leverage our expertise to address the unique challenges and opportunities within each sector, ensuring optimal results for our...
Top Services:
- Staff Augmentation
- DevOps Consulting
- IT Services
- Cloud Consulting
- Software Development
- Show more
- Location
- Łódź, Poland
- Number of Employees
- 50 - 99
- Minimal Budget
- $25,000 - $50,000
Luvina is a well-known software outsourcing business that specializes in providing clients all around the world with excellent IT solutions. With a dedicated team of more than 750 experts, Luvina provides comprehensive software development services that are customized to each client's specific needs. Luvina...
Top Services:
- ERP Consulting
- CRM Consulting
- Software Development
- eCommerce Development
- Staff Augmentation
- Show more
- Location
- Hanoi, Vietnam
- Number of Employees
- 500 - 999
- Average Hourly Rate
- $25/hr
Development is witchcraft for you? We create modern solutions that achieve your goals and inspire customers with a unique with a unique user experience...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- UI/UX Design
- eCommerce Development
- Web Development
- WordPress Website Design
- Show more
- Location
- Dortmund, Germany
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $80/hr
Vauldex Technology is a leading software development agency specializing in web and mobile development, blockchain solutions, and AI-powered applications. With expert teams in Japan and the Philippines, Vauldex transforms creative visions into high-performance digital solutions tailored to clients' needs. The...
Top Services:
- Web Development
- Blockchain
- Software Development
- Staff Augmentation
- IT Services
- Show more
- Location
- Cebu City, Philippines
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $49/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
Riyadvi Software Technologies is a professional web development company crafting high-performance websites using WordPress, WooCommerce, and custom PHP solutions. We deliver clean, secure, and SEO-optimized sites that drive real business results. Our experienced team ensures every project reflects innovation...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- eCommerce Development
- WordPress Website Design
- Digital Marketing
- Mobile App Development
- Show more
- Location
- Mylapore, India
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $100/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
- Portfolios Count
- 8 Projects Listed
Xenyo is a Web Design company located in Hong Kong, specializing in creating amazing user experiences and advanced Drupal and front-end Development...
Top Services:
- Web Design
- Software Development
- Mobile App Development
- IT Services
- HR Outsourcing
- Show more
- Location
- Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
- Portfolios Count
- 1 Project Listed
My name is Jhonnatha, and I have had a passion for design since childhood. At 20 years old, I specialize in crafting visual identities for individuals, businesses, and events. My ultimate aim is to make others view your brand with the same passion that you do...
Top Services:
- Graphic Design
- Logo Design
- Mobile App Development
- Product Design
- Package Design
- Show more
- Location
- Mossoró, Brazil
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Portfolios Count
- 1 Project Listed
InfoGlobe Egypt delivers innovative digital solutions tailored to industrial and manufacturing sectors, combining smart technology with deep industry insight to drive growth and efficiency...
Top Services:
- Branding
- Web Design
- Mobile App Development
- Software Development
- Design Services
- Show more
- Location
- Giza, Egypt
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $500/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
- Portfolios Count
- 1 Project Listed
IyedeX is a Sfax-based company on a mission most agencies overlook: making AI genuinely work for Tunisia. Rather than adapting global tools with light localization, we build AI systems from the ground up around Tunisian Arabic, culture, and institutional needs. Our work spans three fronts private companies...
Top Services:
- Digital Services
- Web Development
- Mobile App Development
- Software Development
- AI Development
- Show more
- Location
- Sfax, Tunisia
- Number of Employees
- Under 49
- Average Hourly Rate
- $25/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
- Portfolios Count
- 1 Project Listed
My Virtual Teams helps businesses build reliable websites, eCommerce stores, mobile apps, and custom software. We work as a long-term technology partner, focusing on simple processes, clear communication, and digital solutions built to support real business growth...
Top Services:
- eCommerce Development
- Web Design
- Software Development
- Graphic Design
- WordPress Website Design
- Show more
- Location
- Gill, India
- Number of Employees
- 100 - 249
- Average Hourly Rate
- $49/hr
- Minimal Budget
- $1,000 - $10,000
- Portfolios Count
- 9 Projects Listed
Mobile App Development Specializations
- Accessibility Mobile App
- Android
- App Development Consultants
- Application Modernization
- Consumer
- Cross-Platform
- eCommerce
- Educational
- Enterprise
- Entertainment App Development
- Field Operations
- Financial
- Fitness App Development
- Food Delivery App Development
- Freelance
- Gambling
- Games
- Government
- Healthcare
- HTML5
- Hybrid
- Insurance
- iPad
- iPhone
- Media App
- Mobile App design
- Nonprofit
- Publishing
- React Native
- Restaurant App Development
- Small Businesses App Development
- Social Network Apps
- Sports App Development
- Startup
- Telemedicine App Development
- Thunkable
- Travel App Development
- Wearables
- Windows
Services Related to Mobile App Development
Top Mobile App Developers by Country
Why companies trust DesignRush
Every agency is independently vetted before it can be listed or ranked
Some agencies pay for sponsored placement, clearly labeled and held to the same vetting standards.
Frequently Asked Questions About App Development Companies
What services do app development companies typically offer?
App development companies usually handle strategy, UI/UX design, development, testing, launch, and ongoing maintenance. Some also provide product research and app store optimization.
How much does it cost to hire an app development company?
App development agencies typically charge between $30,000 and $500,000+, depending on the scope and complexity of the project.
Typical custom app costs by scope include:
- Simple app: $10,000 to $35,000
- Medium-complexity app: $35,000 to $150,000
- Complex app: $150,000 to $300,000+
How long does it take to develop a mobile app?
Most apps take around 3 to 7 months to develop, though the timeline depends on complexity, features, technology, and the development team. Changes in scope, integrations, and testing requirements can also extend the timeline.
- Simple apps: a few weeks to 3 months
- Medium-complexity apps: 3 to 7 months
- Complex apps: 7 to 12+ months
How do I choose the right app development company?
Look at relevant experience, past projects, technical expertise, communication, and post-launch support. The company should also understand your business goals and target users.
What should I look for in an app development company’s portfolio?
Check whether they have built apps similar to yours and review the usability, design quality, and functionality of their work. Pay attention to projects in your industry or with comparable technical requirements.
What track record should I look for in an app development company?
Ask for launch counts, instead of project counts. An app development company that has shipped dozens of live apps has already solved App Store review, retention, and post-launch iteration. Designli, for example, lists more than 200 product launches and traces its process back to Applits, an app studio its founders ran before the agency existed.
What are the top mobile app development companies in 2026?
The top mobile app development companies in 2026 are:




















































