Find top international advertising agencies skilled in media buying, brand strategy, and creative development to achieve strong ROAS and measurable business outcomes. Compare agencies by expertise, location, and budget to find your partner.
Our Verified Agencies are Trusted by Top Brands:
We have assessed over 5,200 advertising agencies worldwide, examining their creative capabilities, service diversity, portfolios, client testimonials, pricing structures, and industry recognition. Learn about our ranking criteria and how we identify the top players in the advertising industry.
The Number 1 Advertising Agency as Selected by DesignRush Is:
Notable clients: Caliber Collision, BBQGuys, Warner Bros, Ebay, Ziebart
HigherVisibility offers PPC and advertising solutions, including paid search, display, shopping ads, remarketing, local service ads, custom landing page creation, and audience targeting. The advertising agency employs a hands-on approach, encompassing deep keyword research, A/B ad/image testing, bid and budget management, negative keyword lists, geo-targeting, and quality score performance.
Its technology and methodology are anchored around the Targeted Growth System®, which ensures efficient ad spend. With nods from DesignRush and Inc. 500, a sharp strategy, and stellar client service, HigherVisibility continues to set the bar for effective, accountable PPC management.
HigherVisibility demonstrated its ability to manage large, complex PPC campaigns through its work with Caliber Collision.
The agency designed a customized paid search strategy centered on precise targeting, ongoing optimization, and continuous campaign refinement. By handling keyword research, bid management, and conversion tracking, HigherVisibility ensured that every advertising dollar was used efficiently and profitably. Its approach delivered strong, measurable results, including a 323% increase in return on ad spend and a 167% increase in conversions, which helped Caliber Collision strengthen its position as a leader in the auto repair industry.
Doner is a full-service advertising agency founded in 1937 and headquartered in Southfield, Michigan, with additional offices in Los Angeles and London. Doner's approach includes diversity, inclusivity, and a modern, content-driven method tailored to today's dynamic advertising market.
Renowned for creating iconic campaigns for major brands, Doner has crafted memorable slogans like "Timex takes a licking and keeps on ticking" and "Zoom-Zoom" for Mazda. The agency specializes in retail, consumer packaged goods (CPG), healthcare, consumer technology, destination, entertainment, and automotive industries.
Doner successfully refreshed the image of the Chrysler Pacifica by tapping into cultural trends while staying grounded in real family needs.
Chrysler wanted to make the Pacifica more appealing to modern families, and the rise of the #VanLife trend created an opportunity to shift perceptions of the minivan. Doner connected this trend to everyday parenting by highlighting Pacifica’s practical, family-friendly features through engaging video content across broadcast and social media.
By blending aspiration with real-life usefulness, the campaign repositioned the Pacifica and delivered strong results, including a 143% year-over-year increase and a 95% increase in second-quarter sales.
FCB (Foote, Cone & Belding) is a globally recognized advertising agency known for its innovative and effective advertising and marketing campaigns. As part of the Interpublic Group, FCB has a substantial global footprint, with over 120 offices across over 80 countries.
FCB's impact is validated by numerous awards and recognitions in the industry, including the Cannes Lions and Effie Awards. The agency combines creative storytelling with deep insights into consumer behavior, aiming to create accessible advertisements that capture attention and drive meaningful results for its clients.
During the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Brazilian football fans wanted to support their national team by wearing the official jersey. However, the high cost of the jerseys (R$350) was a significant barrier, especially given the inflation Brazilians were facing at the time. This situation challenged FCB's client, Flash, to engage with fans and allow them to express their support.
FCB offered a 50% cashback on jersey purchases from Nike's eCommerce site in exchange for fans customizing the jersey with Flash's brand name and sharing it on social media. This campaign turned fans into brand sponsors and significantly boosted Flash's visibility, getting more than 5.1 million interactions and increasing brand mentions by 2300%.
Marketing Architects is an all-inclusive TV advertising agency, renowned for integrating technology and data into its campaigns. With its unique All-Inclusive TV model, the agency handles all aspects of a campaign, including media buying, strategy, creative development, production, and reporting. Therefore, clients pay only for media while saving on other costs.
The strategy is powered by Annika, the agency’s own AI for media buying that analyzes large datasets to optimize media placements across linear and streaming TV. Marketing Architects serves B2B and B2C clients, using TV advertising as a key growth driver.
Joybird, a furniture retailer and manufacturer primarily focused on online marketing, wanted to expand its customer base and reach new audiences through offline channels. Marketing Architects launched TV ads on linear and streaming platforms, minimizing audience overlap with Annika's help.
The campaign led to over 700,000 web visits driven by TV, over 16,000 TV-attributable orders, and 7-10X return on ad spend (ROAS).
Notable clients: Montgomery County, MD, Remote Area Medical, Parkmobile, FlyingFish, Chicago Title
The AD Agency, founded in 1982, is a full-service research, marketing, online digital advertising, graphic design, media buying, IT support, and public relations firm.
Known for its aggressive and agile approach, the award-winning agency focuses on effective communication strategies. With a reputation for on-target marketing, its expertise lies in developing brands and maximizing client visibility and impact.
The AD Agency developed a comprehensive marketing strategy for Montgomery County, MD, to promote yard waste recycling. The multi-faceted campaign included a strategic marketing plan, a new branding and logo, and diverse advertising efforts across print, radio, and TV. Key to the campaign was engaging, information-rich content paired with an emotional appeal to change resident behavior.
The initiative featured full-page newspaper ads, a grasscycling campaign, TV commercials, public relations, community outreach, and direct mail. It also introduced "Digger the Worm" in a school natural science project. Thanks to this approach, Montgomery County, MD achieved the desired behavioral change and gained national and local recognition.
Notable clients: UPN, Masport, Custom View, The Waterford, NCBVI
PLAY Creative Design is an advertising agency that prioritizes strategy development before launching creative tactics. It achieves results through campaign engagement, targeted messaging, and a blend of print and digital media.
PLAY Creative grows businesses through website optimization, quality messaging, and precise media management, increasing brand awareness, customer retention, and lead generation. It serves businesses in the finance, higher education, and tech industries, as well as small businesses.
Unite Private Networks (UPN) faced the challenge of effectively targeting businesses in six specific locations. PLAY Creative decided to focus on LinkedIn and Google Display Advertising. It created dedicated ad groups for each location, combining precise targeting with tailored landing pages and submission forms for more efficient lead generation.
The campaign’s results outperformed industry standards for both platforms over 3.5 months.
Notable clients: CALM, Volkswagen, Team Heroine, National Lottery, Marmite
DDB is an advertising agency that uses emotionally driven solutions to influence consumer behavior and choices. Driven by its "Unexpected Works" mantra, it strives to create work that drives behavioral changes and achieves significant business results.
In response to the UK's escalating suicide rate in 2022, DDB partnered with CALM and ITV to fight the suicide crisis by changing public perception. "The Last Photo" campaign featured an exhibition of 50 last photos of suicide victims and a 90-second film distributed across television, cinema, outdoor, digital, and social media channels. It also directed the audience to CALM's website for suicide prevention.
"The Last Photo" drew over 500,000 visitors to the exhibition, reached 7.5 million people through live TV, and generated 1.6 billion impressions. Additionally, it became the most talked-about video on Reddit globally for 48 hours and increased online discussions about suicide by 33%.
Financially, it led to a 400% year-over-year rise in donations to CALM. Most significantly, the campaign was crucial in preventing 161 suicides in the six months following its launch.
With offices in major cities worldwide, Wieden+Kennedy (WK) is a global, independent advertising agency known for transforming some of the world's most famous and fascinating brands for over 40 years. It has earned several accolades, including Emmy Awards and recognition as global agency of the year.
W+K provides world-class creative, media, social, design, and strategy services with a core mission: to use creativity and influence to change the world and shape culture. The agency gained fame for its work with Nike, crafting the iconic "Just Do It" tagline.
Nike faced the challenge of promoting women's fitness and sports. W+K created the "Better for It" campaign, inviting women globally to share their fitness journeys and personal bests.
This campaign included "Margot vs Lily", a scripted series about two sisters with differing fitness goals, directed by Tricia Brock. It also launched Nike's first Tumblr site and short films "Inner Thoughts" and "Last," encouraging women to share their fitness missions.
"Margot vs Lily" led to 3.5 million downloads of the Nike Training Club App and inspired two million new workouts. The campaign's Tumblr quickly gained 175,000 followers, becoming the most reblogged fashion brand of 2015. Moreover, two months after the campaign's launch, Nike's women's division sales increased by 20%.
Notable clients: De'Longhi, Samsung, ESPN, Ad Council, Little Caesars
McKinney is a full-service integrated agency with 54 years of experience specializing in strategy, creative development, production, and digital measurement. It includes a full media entity and provides a wide range of services, including media strategy, activation, and optimization.
Its philosophy is to provide clients with a perspective that differs from the Madison Avenue standard. Recognized for creativity and effectiveness, McKinney has been named a top agency by Adweek, Campaign US, and Influencer Marketing Hub.
De'Longhi, known for its espresso machines, wanted to expand into the North American automatic coffee machine market. McKinney launched the TrueBrew campaign starring Brad Pitt to highlight the machine's appeal in a realistic, emotionally resonant way.
The campaign increased brand engagement by 134% compared to the previous three months and led to strong sales, reaffirming the success of the celebrity-driven strategy.
Grey is an advertising agency with over a 100-year legacy. Its expertise includes advertising, communications, and design, especially in the health and wellness industry. Grey is part of AKQA, an international family of autonomous agencies.
Its "Famously Effective" approach produces memorable and highly effective ads. The agency taps into "Cultural Value" to understand what resonates in society and culture, ensuring its campaigns connect deeply with audiences and achieve results.
Dole Sunshine Company wanted to address the stigma associated with the "forbidden fruit" to encourage healthier eating and start a global discussion about the importance of fruit. The agency humorously requested Pope Francis to rebrand the fruit's bad image, suggesting a biblical revision to replace "fruit" with an unhealthy snack.
The campaign was launched on International Fruit Day 2022. It generated over 55 million media impressions and appeared in 784 media outlets, including Design Taxi and Bloomberg, earning $2.2 million in media value. This innovative approach significantly raised awareness about the benefits of fruit and a healthy diet.
To select the top advertising companies, we reviewed their testimonials, case studies, industry reputation, team expertise, client roster, and executive management. Our team of agency experts developed a scoring system to measure their overall performance based on several important factors:
Reviews: Quality of work, client satisfaction, and level of trustworthiness
Portfolio: Tangible examples of an agency's track record
Awards and press: Industry reputation and innovation
Team bios: The agency’s qualifications and team dynamics
Top services: Core competencies and areas of expertise
Organic rankings are determined by five factors: top services, reviews, portfolio, awards/press, and team expertise. Sponsored listings pay for a placement that appears above organic positions. Sponsorship does not affect star ratings or review content - read more on our methodology page.
Webafy helps businesses grow faster with AI powered advertising, professional digital ad creatives, and studio quality product visuals. We create attention grabbing AI visuals, photorealistic product renders, and high conversion digital assets designed to increase visibility, strengthen credibility, and drive...
Specta serves as a comprehensive solution for all your online marketing requirements, excelling in various domains such as online advertising, social media marketing, email campaigns, Google, and YouTube Ads. As a market leader, we offer expertise across diverse digital channels to optimize your online...
We are well-versed in all aspects of marketing. Our sweet spot is in the business-to-business market, as well as cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and high-growth startup businesses. It is essential to carry out exhaustive study and analysis of the market, the competitors, and the requirements of the target audience...
SiteMaxi is a results-driven SEO agency helping businesses grow through smarter search visibility, local dominance, and conversion-focused digital strategies...
We help brands grow through creative performance marketing by combining strategy, content, paid media, and conversion-focused systems. Our approach goes beyond simply running campaigns - we build the complete journey from attracting attention to driving measurable business outcomes. We believe marketing...
We craft personalized digital marketing solutions with SEO, social media, PPC, content, email marketing, influencer marketing, and affiliate marketing to drive engagement and growth. Lets make your brand unmissable!...
HOSTA is a UAE-based Digital Transformation & Enterprise Engineering company delivering high-performance Hosting, scalable Web & App platforms, cloud-native infrastructure, AI automation, SEO, AEO, GEO, Media buying, and data-driven Digital solutions built for growth, performance, and long-term business...
Shopyard is a productized Shopify growth agency that helps e-commerce brands identify issues, implement fixes, and scale revenue through fixed-price services. The agency specializes in Shopify audits, conversion optimization, paid advertising, email marketing, and store performance improvements without...
Qnix Digital is a leading SEO and web design company in USA.Our values are client satisfaction, transparency as an offshore outsourcing partner for digital marketing, website design and development...
STRAT is a performance-driven growth agency based in Madrid, Spain, where we replace guesswork with data-backed strategies. We currently manage the growth and profitability of 30+ active ecommerce brands by dominating the two most critical levers of online revenue: Acquisition and Retention...
Clarity for small brands. Identity, content, and photography under one roof.
The Nave is a creative studio helping small brands, founders, and service businesses find their clarity. We combine branding strategy, content management, and photography under one roof so your identity stays consistent from logo to launch to every post after. No bloated retainers, no jargon. Just clear...
Lofty Minds Marketing Agency is a Kenya-based digital marketing agency that helps businesses transform and elevate their brands. With a team of passionate professionals and a profound knowledge of the Kenyan market, Lofty Minds crafts compelling stories and delivers measurable results...
Streaming, UGC, Paid Ads, and more for artists and labels
A SoHo music marketing team running Spotify, SoundCloud, UGC, clipping and paid social campaigns on its own software, with live client portals and real-time attribution...
Search Agency fully focused on SEO & link building
At SEO HUB, we bring over 10 years of SEO Expertise to help your Business thrive online. Using innovative strategies and data-driven solutions, we enhance your visibility and drive success...
Royal-AI is a Polish AI agency for service businesses, founded in 2026 by Przemysław Rusiewicz. Builds websites, chatbots, and automations in one subscription from 399 PLN per month. Working prototype in 5 business days at no cost. You test on real leads before committing...
At Skylane Solutions, we help businesses grow smarter, faster, and stronger with data-driven digital marketing strategies. From startups to established brands, we provide tailored solutions that generate real results more traffic, more leads, and more sales...
Your buyers ask AI first. Make sure you're in the answer.
Findrix is an action-based AI visibility and GEO platform that turns real-time tracking and analysis of a brand's presence across AI answers and search into fast optimization, built for brand managers, marketing leaders, and agencies running AI search for their clients...
Bespoke full-stack web applications, digital systems, and speed-engineered web platforms for modern
Sajlog LLC is a US-domiciled custom web engineering agency (Casper, WY) building scalable, proprietary digital systems. We eliminate third-party CMS bloat by delivering hand-crafted Next.js and React applications equipped with bespoke admin panels, client dashboards, automated lead pipelines, and...
Ink are an award-winning team of writers who believe communications should work harder. Made up strategists, editors, channel specialists and account managers and a wider group of 20+ associates we share an aim to make everything we write original, engaging and memorable...
Meta and Google ads, and MoMo-ready online stores, for Ghanaian businesses
Maxme Digital Media is an advertising agency in Adenta, Accra, for Ghanaian businesses that sell online. We plan Facebook, Instagram and Google campaigns around the way people here buy: a WhatsApp chat first, payment by Mobile Money, and trust built before the order. We also build Shopify and WooCommerce...
Driving Growth Through Data, Strategy & Performance.
BFACTOR is a results-driven digital marketing agency specializing in Google Ads, Meta Ads, conversion tracking, and marketing automation. We help businesses generate qualified leads, increase sales, and scale with data-driven strategies, transparent reporting, and measurable results...
Developing comprehensive, functional and accessible corporate Image projects
Ancor is a firm specializing in the development, design and implementation of corporate image and branding programs, designed primarily for micro and small entrepreneurs with needs in the areas of design, advertising and marketing...
CYRA Group, an audiovisual production company based in Paris, boasts nearly seven years of industry experience. We specialize in creating diverse content for businesses, ranging from internal communication materials to external marketing campaigns, as well as content for broadcasters, reaching millions of...
We cover everything from keyword research and analyzing the competition to designing and optimizing WordPress websites. With SEO boosts and ROI optimization, discover how our services can transform your business from unnoticed to unstoppable...
Building Digital Experiences That Drive Business Growth
Orisna Technology is a digital solutions company helping businesses build a strong online presence through modern websites, web applications, e-commerce solutions, UI/UX design, SEO, digital marketing, automation and custom software development. We focus on responsive design, performance, scalability and...
Trendway Marketing is a premier digital marketing agency offering top-notch website design, SEO , and social media management services. We help businesses enhance their online presence and drive growth effectively...
Gantech is a results-driven digital agency founded by Ganiu Odumosu, focused on helping businesses grow through web development, SEO, and data-driven digital marketing solutions. With over 8 years of experience and 100+ completed projects, the agency has built a strong reputation for delivering...
Comestrive is a Valencia-based SEO and digital marketing agency focused on helping businesses increase visibility on Google and AI-powered search platforms. The agency specializes in SEO, local SEO, eCommerce SEO, B2B marketing, CRO (Conversion Rate Optimization), SEM, and Answer Engine Optimization (AEO)...
Japalize Boost helps overseas brands build a stronger presence in Japan through Japanese localization and hands-on marketing support. We adapt websites, messaging, content, and customer journeys for Japanese expectations, combining native-language expertise with practical market execution...
Dubai digital marketing agency in Al Qusais serving businesses across the UAE. Manqoosh runs social media management and paid social on Instagram, Facebook, TikTok and Snapchat, SEO, Google Ads and performance marketing with clear reporting on leads and cost per result. The team also builds websites on...
iTwelve Tech is a web development and digital marketing company based in New Delhi, India, with offices in Dwarka and Gurgaon. Founded with a clear mission to help businesses build, grow, and scale their online presence, iTwelve Tech serves startups, local businesses, and growing brands across India, the...
Kingdom Vision is a digital agency specializing in web design, web development, and custom software solutions for businesses and startups. The company offers a range of services including mobile app development, CMS development, branding, and digital marketing to help clients build and grow their online...
Meta ads and Google Ads agency in Dubai for beauty salons, gyms, pilates studios, dental clinics and real estate. Performance marketing and lead generation on a flat monthly fee from AED 2,950. You own your ad accounts, no lock-in, every lead tracked to WhatsApp...
Meta and TikTok ads for Moroccan e-commerce brands
New Visions helps Moroccan clothing, modest fashion, bags, jewellery and beauty brands grow their cash-on-delivery e-commerce businesses through Meta and TikTok advertising, video ad creatives and conversion-focused Shopify and WooCommerce stores. Founded in 2021, our team works remotely across Morocco and...
Ongshon Digital has been working since 2019 as a digital marketing agency. We always focus on cost-effective results and ROI. Our goal is to establish the online presence of businesses in Bangladesh by providing our effort, strategies, knowledge, and expertise...
Your full-service marketing and e-Commerce agency for 20 years!
KOM is a digital and e-commerce agency that brings order to chaos with method, data, and transparency. We work for managers and SMEs with 20+ years of experience, using the ADAM method (Analyze, Design, Expand, Measure) and clear reporting. We design e-commerce and converting websites (Shopify, WooCommerce)...
AMZ Northland is a Canada-based e-commerce consulting agency specializing in Amazon and multi-marketplace growth solutions. The company provides end-to-end services including Amazon listing optimization, A+ content creation, PPC management, product photography, and full marketplace management across platforms...
No Studio. No Casting. No Compromise. The Unmakeable, Made Visible.
LOOM Studio is an AI-powered creative production agency specializing in campaign-grade video and imagery. Led by award-winning designers, the agency combines creative direction with advanced AI technology to produce high-quality visual content for brands across advertising, marketing, and e-commerce...
Terra-Codes combines link building and AI visibility in one integrated service. We help businesses, online stores and agencies strengthen their digital authority through relevant backlinks, brand mentions and placements in trusted editorial environments. Our approach connects established SEO practices with...
We connect strategy and creativity to turn visibility into growth. At Kokolski, SEO, design and performance work together to attract, engage and convert. No templates, no guessworkjust clear thinking, sharp execution and measurable results...
RICE Web is a Netherlands-based B2B web agency specializing in strategic, creative, and performance-focused websites for entrepreneurs and businesses. The agency combines UX/UI design, custom web development, SEO and tracking, and online advertising to turn B2B objectives into measurable results. Its approach...
Turning Clicks And AI Visibility Into Measurable Growth
ROI index helps businesses turn online attention into customer demand through PPC, SEO and AI visibility. Led by a founder with over 22 years of marketing experience, we connect advertising performance with how brands are discovered in search and AI answers...
With expertise in e-commerce, online stores, and web development, we specialize in empowering companies to maximize their online sales potential. Our tailored solutions are designed to optimize digital storefronts and enhance customer experiences, driving growth and profitability for businesses across diverse...
The fusion of skilled creative professionals gave birth to Brand & Visual. From concept to execution, we are offering comprehensive brand marketing solutions. Our foremost priority is connecting with the right audience with a deeper impact so your brand gets a solid establishment...
RankUp is a results-driven digital marketing agency helping businesses grow through SEO, social media, and performance marketing. We craft tailored strategies that boost visibility, attract qualified leads, and turn clicks into long-term clients...
With a network of 150K+ content placement sites, Adsy enables data-driven link building, digital PR, and content distribution at scale. We focus on measurable ROI, transparency, and long-term partnerships helping our clients grow visibility and authority across competitive markets...
Obsidian Atlas is a Colorado-based digital marketing agency helping small and growing businesses build stronger brands, better websites, and clearer marketing strategies. We blend human-centered creativity with practical SEO, content, social media, branding, and web design solutions to help businesses connect...
What should you consider before contacting advertising agencies?
Before contacting ad agencies, you must define your priority business objectives, success metrics, ad spend limit, expected timeline, internal decision-maker, and available resources.
Without that foundation, agencies will make different assumptions, which can make proposals difficult to compare and lead you to hire agencies for the wrong problem.
With 71% of CMOs reporting that they lack the budget to fully execute their strategy, it is vital to distinguish between "must-have" and "nice-to-have" campaign features before the first discovery call.
When should you hire a specialist advertising agency vs. a full-service digital marketing agency?
Hire a specialist advertising agency when you are experiencing issues with paid media execution and results. Conversely, hire a full-service digital marketing agency when the larger problem is coordination across channels, brand, content, and web.
Consider specialized ad agencies when:
Paid search, paid social, or media buying is your growth lever, but performance is inconsistent.
You already have brand, web, and content support in-house.
You need faster testing, tighter optimization, and deep platform expertise (e.g., Google Ads and paid media).
Consider full-service digital marketing agencies when:
Your message, funnel, creative, and channel mix need to work together.
You want one partner for different marketing services, such as social media, search engine optimization, email marketing, and performance marketing.
The primary issue is fragmented execution and not just ad performance.
How much should you realistically budget for advertising?
A realistic advertising budget typically ranges from 5% to 15% of your total annual revenue, depending on your growth stage and industry competitiveness.
For example, small businesses typically dedicate 2%-4% of their revenue to PPC advertising, with aggressive, growth-stage organizations typically spending more.
As a market benchmark, Gartner's 2025 CMO Spend Survey found CMOs reporting marketing budgets at 7.7% of company revenue and paid online channels accounting for 69% of digital spend.
The practical takeaway is to ask each shortlisted agency for a minimum viable testing budget by channel, then reject plans that cannot generate enough volume to prove or disprove the strategy.
How should you measure the success of your advertising campaigns?
Measure the success of your advertising campaigns by tracking bottom-line outcomes.
For lead generation campaigns, success metrics may include qualified leads, cost per sales-qualified lead, close rate by source, and pipeline contribution.
For eCommerce brands, success metrics to consider include customer acquisition cost, contribution margin, repeat purchase behavior, and return on ad spend (ROAS).
While platform metrics, such as click-through rate (CTR) and cost per click (CPC), are valuable, consider these as diagnostic metrics rather than success metrics.
How long does it take to see the results of your advertising campaigns?
Advertising campaigns may produce results within a few weeks or days. However, sustained ad performance may take 1-3+ months.
Typically, ad agencies dedicate the first 30 days to campaign ramp-up, data gathering, experimentation, testing, and conversion lag.
Then, they allot days 31-60 for campaign optimization. After 90 days from the campaign launch, you may record tangible outcomes, such as increased leads, higher ticket sales, and revenue growth.
The actual timeline before you see results will depend on current performance, ad channel, ad quality, target niche, industry competition, and the aggressiveness of your advertising campaign.
What common mistakes do businesses make when choosing their ad agencies?
Common mistakes include choosing based on the lowest hourly rates, being overly influenced by the pitch, and failing to confirm ownership of accounts, data, and reporting.
To avoid these mistakes, look for data-backed case studies that match your industry, market niche, and campaign type.
Also, review client feedback and request client references to better understand the agency's project management style, account ownership practices, reporting standards, and approach to campaign optimization.