Hire top visual communication companies and get access to skilled graphic designers, artists, and creatives who can craft strategic and effective visuals for your company. They are able to convey your brand’s message through engaging visual elements, from images and videos to typography, illustrations, charts and more. Compare your options based on reviews, ratings, portfolios, costs, team size, etc., to narrow down the best fit for your next project.

Best Visual Communication Agencies

1,039 Companies - Rankings updated: April 05, 2026

DesignRush assesses graphic design agencies for their expertise and verified client experiences to help you make better decisions. Some placements might be paid.

  • We tell better stories for brands who want better connections.

    We tell better stories for brands who want better connections.

    To deliver award-winning, world-class creative solutions that foster unforgettable experiences for consumers and build market value for companies. Our clients set the bar in their industry and are envied by their competitors. Our team of kick-ass talent is proud and empowered of the work we do.  [... view Brand Poets profile ]
    Location
    Miami, Florida
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $150/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
    Portfolios Count
    5 Projects Listed
  • Telling your story, one frame at a time

    Telling your story, one frame at a time

    With over two decades of expertise, SS Media Productions offers a comprehensive range of professional media production services encompassing animation, music composition, video production, meticulous editing, and cutting-edge visual effects. Our extensive experience ensures that we bring unparalleled quality  [... view SS Media Productions profile ]
    Location
    Flint Township, Michigan
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $150/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • Strategically Creative.

    Strategically Creative.

    Agensa is dedicated to expertly crafting and elevating brands, websites, products, and virtually anything you can envision. Our professional team combines creativity and technical expertise to deliver exceptional results that drive success for our clients.  [... view Agensa profile ]
    Location
    Aalborg, Denmark
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $90/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • We create inclusive marketing solutions that connect brands and communities in the Middle East.

    We create inclusive marketing solutions that connect brands and communities in the Middle East.

    Our marketing management consulting services address our clients' most pressing challenges and opportunities, from strategy, marketing, technology, transformation, design solutions, advanced analytics across all industries and regions.With over 30 years of combined experience, our team comprises seasoned  [... view Solix Marketing Agency profile ]
    Location
    Dubai, United Arab Emirates
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $100/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • Propel Your Business Growth with S-Square Solutions

    Propel Your Business Growth with S-Square Solutions

    Transform your business with our expert services tailored to drive growth and innovation.At S-Square Solutions, we specialize in delivering cutting-edge solutions that elevateyour brand, streamline operations, and propel success in the digital landscape. Fromdigital marketing strategies to bespoke web  [... view S Square Solutions profile ]
    Location
    Walsall, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • At 360 Growth Marketers We help you to Grow Your Business.

    At 360 Growth Marketers We help you to Grow Your Business.

    360 Growth Marketers is a comprehensive growth marketing agency dedicated to elevating your business to new heights. We offer a full range of services designed to drive success and foster substantial growth for our clients.  [... view 360Growth Marketers profile ]
    Location
    Surat, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Portfolios Count
    7 Projects Listed
  • Lettering, illustration, branding, and more!

    Lettering, illustration, branding, and more!

    Welcome to Maria K. Studios! My name is Maria and I'm the person behind the studio. I'm based in Tennessee, and my primary focus is brand design, custom lettering, and digital illustration.  [... view Maria K. Studios profile ]
    Location
    Jackson, Tennessee
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Portfolios Count
    4 Projects Listed
  • Creative and caring team based in France helping you realize your projects.

    Creative and caring team based in France helping you realize your projects.

    Pineapple Squad, founded by the creative duo Sophie Salton and Marion Prigent, offers comprehensive digital communication services. With roots in Brittany and Lorraine and now based near Paris, our agency caters to clients across France and beyond, supporting them in various communication endeavors such as  [... view Pineapple Squad profile ]
    Location
    Ozoir-la-Ferrière, France
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $100/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
    Portfolios Count
    4 Projects Listed
  • Get Real About Digital.

    Get Real About Digital.

    Real is an experienced and award-winning Cheshire web design agency. We love designing user friendly, bespoke websites that properly support our customers business goals. Our highly creative designers and developers will work closely with you every step of the way. Our high-quality web creations are always  [... view Real Agency profile ]
    Location
    Scholar Green, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
    Portfolios Count
    4 Projects Listed
  • Exceptional UI/UX Design for Enterprise, SAAS & B2C Companies

    Exceptional UI/UX Design for Enterprise, SAAS & B2C Companies

    Award-winning UI/UX design studio catering to global clients including Google, Emaar, CISCO, McKinsey & more across user experience design powered by user research, product strategy, design thinking, interface design. We have impacted 200+ clients across 20+ industries & 1 billion+ users across the globe.  [... view NetBramha Studios profile ]
    Location
    Bengaluru, India
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $65/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $25,000 - $50,000
    Portfolios Count
    8 Projects Listed
  • Always Thinking.

    Always Thinking.

    Forge is an Auckland based Creative Agency that offers branding, web design, development, and a full range of marketing services to businesses in New Zealand and around the world.  [... view Forge Creative Limited profile ]
    Location
    Auckland, New Zealand
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $155/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $10,000 - $25,000
    Portfolios Count
    7 Projects Listed
  • Onexcell the Best Web Designing and Development Agency in UK.

    Onexcell the Best Web Designing and Development Agency in UK.

    Onexcell is a chart-topping digital branding agency powered by professional UI/UX Designers perfecting logo/brand, banner, website & mobile application designs.  [... view Onexcell profile ]
    Location
    London, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $25/hr
    Portfolios Count
    7 Projects Listed
  • Radically Relevant China Marketing

    Radically Relevant China Marketing

    Brandigo China is a marketing agency that offers a complete range of marketing services, headquartered in Shanghai, China. We help clients with all stages of their marketing challenges in China, with specialties in China B2B marketing.  [... view Brandigo China profile ]
    Location
    Shanghai, China
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $100/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $10,000 - $25,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • Strategy. Content. Results.

    Strategy. Content. Results.

    The market leader in animation films & infographics in the Netherlands. We create value for your challenges with digital content. With over 25 animators, illustrators, art directors, and project managers, Bigfish is not just one of the largest, but also one of the best animation studios in the Netherlands.  [... view Bigfish.nl profile ]
    Location
    Eindhoven, Netherlands
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Authentic and beautifully crafted brand stories.

    Authentic and beautifully crafted brand stories.

    LightBox is an award-winning, full-service design agency specializing in premium visual identity and branding services for nonprofits. We take pride in delivering exceptional design solutions tailored to enhance the impact and visibility of nonprofit organizations.  [... view LightBox profile ]
    Location
    Goshen, Indiana
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $150/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $10,000 - $25,000
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • A Research-Based Creative Agency for Challenger Brands.

    A Research-Based Creative Agency for Challenger Brands.

    Watson Creative is a research-driven branding and creative agency based on the West Coast. We specialize in brand strategy, design, marketing, and digital experiences that help businesses and nonprofits grow with purpose and impact.  [... view Watson Creative profile ]
    Location
    Portland, Oregon
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $225/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $50,000 & Up
    Portfolios Count
    6 Projects Listed
  • We are your Certified Umbraco Gold PartnerKickbyte is one of Canadas leading Umbraco agencies, with three of the four Umbraco Masters in the country on our team. We specialize in enterprise-grade Umbraco builds, custom integrations, and complex migration projects. Our teams deep technical expertise ensures  [... view Kickbyte Digital Solutions profile ]
    Location
    Edmonton, Canada
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Minimal Budget
    $25,000 - $50,000
  • Matching Talent With Success

    Matching Talent With Success

    Artisan Talent is a premier creative staffing agency that has been redefining talent solutions since its inception. Committed to excellence, we offer a comprehensive suite of services tailored to the unique needs of the creative, digital, and marketing industries.  [... view Artisan Talent profile ]
    Location
    Chicago, Illinois
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $75/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
  • Superior Design For Explosive Business Growth

    Superior Design For Explosive Business Growth

    Igniting Digital Experiences For Explosive Business GrowthWhether big or small, we make your vision a reality. For over two decades, we have helped brands craft beautiful websites and creative messaging that educates, inspires, and drives growth.  [... view JuneDay profile ]
    Location
    Knysna, South Africa
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $75/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $10,000 - $25,000
  • Design for Women and LGBTQ+ Communities

    Design for Women and LGBTQ+ Communities

    Studio Lutalica is an award-winning non-profit design studio based in Edinburgh, empowering women and LGBTQ+ communities through innovative branding, web design, and editorial content. We create impactful, inclusive solutions that drive social change and challenge industry norms globally.  [... view Studio Lutalica profile ]
    Location
    Edinburgh, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $130/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
  • We help companies make full use of the Internet.

    We help companies make full use of the Internet.

    Reakt collaborates with businesses to leverage the full potential of the digital landscape, offering comprehensive solutions that harness the internet's capabilities. Through our expertise in developing next-generation websites and executing highly effective online marketing strategies, we drive tangible and  [... view Reakt profile ]
    Location
    Brno, Czech Republic
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $70/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
  • Customer Focused. Results Driven.

    Customer Focused. Results Driven.

    Smashdoor Marketing is a full-service marketing and media agency dedicated to achieving your goals through exceptional customer service, advanced technology, and data-driven strategies. Our commitment to thorough research ensures that we deliver targeted and effective marketing solutions tailored to your  [... view Smashdoor Marketing profile ]
    Location
    Calgary, Canada
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
  • Discover Your Potential With Us

    Discover Your Potential With Us

    Gusto Design Co. is a beer branding and design practice dedicated to creating remarkable digital experiences, unforgettable brands, and enduring creative solutions for companies that value purpose and strive for a strong presence.  [... view Gusto Design profile ]
    Location
    Durham, North Carolina
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Portfolios Count
    5 Projects Listed
  • We help businesses & brands move online, get more visibility, more leads, boost, & grow sales.

    We help businesses & brands move online, get more visibility, more leads, boost, & grow sales.

    We build brands. Our aim is to help businesses and brands move online, get more visibility, more leads, boost, and grow their sales through conversions with innovative solutions. We believe you should experience affordable Web Design & Development, SEO, Online Branding, Pay Per Click Advertising, & Internet  [... view Netlit Digital Marketing Kenya profile ]
    Location
    Nairobi, Kenya
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $28/hr
    Portfolios Count
    4 Projects Listed
  • Technology, Outsourcing & Digital Experience services for a global clientele!

    Technology, Outsourcing & Digital Experience services for a global clientele!

    Trusted by global companies, emerging businesses, startups and founders, our people work at the cross-section of technology, design and user experience to help our clients reimagine their business, stay agile, build stronger brands and stay a step ahead.  [... view Millipixels Interactive profile ]
    Location
    Mohali, India
    Number of Employees
    100 - 249
    Average Hourly Rate
    $35/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $10,000 - $25,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • Our Imagination works for your brand's future with bold Ideas and limitless creativity

    Our Imagination works for your brand's future with bold Ideas and limitless creativity

    ArtAmitDesign - Creative Branding & Design Agency with 23+ years of experience, we specialize in turning ideas into impactful results on a global scale. Our expertise spans various design platforms, pushing boundaries to ensure brands stand out and thrive.  [... view ArtAmitDesign profile ]
    Location
    Nadiad, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $16/hr
    Portfolios Count
    9 Projects Listed
  • Where Ideas Spark Innovation

    Where Ideas Spark Innovation

    Sparkout Tech Solutions Inc., is a leading software development company based in the US and India. We specialize in enterprise software development, supply chain solutions, fintech applications, blockchain product development, AI development, and UI/IX Design services. Over 7 years, Sparkout Tech has  [... view Sparkout Tech Solutions Inc profile ]
    Location
    Coimbatore, India
    Number of Employees
    100 - 249
    Average Hourly Rate
    $20/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $10,000 - $25,000
    Portfolios Count
    5 Projects Listed
  • Spark Media: Your partner in digital excellence.

    Spark Media: Your partner in digital excellence.

    Unlock your business potential with Spark Media Online's bespoke digital marketing services. We specialize in creating engaging content and optimizing online performance.  [... see all Spark Media Online reviews ]
    Location
    Mohali, India
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $15/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    4 Projects Listed
  • Unlock The Possibilities.

    Unlock The Possibilities.

    At Final Key Consulting, we offer a range of services tailored to assist you in starting, enhancing, and growing your business. With competitive pricing, we ensure value-driven solutions that meet your needs without compromising quality.  [... view Final Key Consulting profile ]
    Location
    Pacifica, California
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $50/hr
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Software development company

    Software development company

    Agilie is a software development company with 15+ years of expertise delivering fintech, blockchain, healthcare, and IoT solutions for startups, SMEs, and enterprises.  [... view Agilie profile ]
    Location
    Dnipro, Ukraine
    Number of Employees
    50 - 99
    Average Hourly Rate
    $49/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $10,000 - $25,000
  • We Build Bold Brands For People Who Give A Damn

    We Build Bold Brands For People Who Give A Damn

    USATILITY is a creative agency founded in 2021 by Evan Combs to challenge the one-size-fits-all approach to design. Born from a passion for accessibility, strategy, and unfiltered creativity, USATILITY helps brands grow through design, web, motion, and storytelling that puts people first. Our mission is  [... view USATILITY profile ]
    Location
    New York City, New York
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $150/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
  • Level up your branding

    Level up your branding

    At Snapper Studio, our primary objective is to collaboratively craft brands alongside our clients. Our approach places a strong emphasis on gaining a profound understanding of your business before leveraging our expertise in brand strategy, identity design, and content creation in tandem with your insights.  [... view Snapper Studio profile ]
    Location
    Wallsend, Australia
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
  • Amplify Your Message. Elevate Your Success.

    Amplify Your Message. Elevate Your Success.

    Skyline Creative delivers custom, high-performing sites that blend strategy, design, and functionality. We specialize in user-friendly, mobile-optimized websites tailored to drive engagement and conversions. What sets us apart? A holistic marketing approach. Every site is built with SEO, branding, and  [... view Skyline Creative profile ]
    Location
    Mooresville, North Carolina
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $150/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
  • Good Design Is Good For Everyone.

    Good Design Is Good For Everyone.

    We specialize in strong strategies, engaging design, and effective communications to craft compelling creative executed with purpose and intent. We are compassionate and responsive, and consider those we work alongside as partners and co-collaborators.  [... view Cullimore Creative Inc. profile ]
    Location
    Vancouver, Canada
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Minimal Budget
    $10,000 - $25,000
  • iMiMDesign > Turning Your Imaginary Vision Into Reality!

    iMiMDesign > Turning Your Imaginary Vision Into Reality!

    iMiMDesign™, a sub-unit company of iMiMofficial, dedicated to providing our clients with the highest quality of Graphic Design & Web Designing services including App Development and other IT related services at the lowest price possible today without any type of compromise in quality. We are turning your  [... see all IMiMDesign™ reviews ]
    Location
    Malda, India
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $20/hr
    Portfolios Count
    4 Projects Listed
  • Where Great Brands Come to Life.

    Where Great Brands Come to Life.

    90 Degree is a full-service branding agency. In business since 2011, we help business stakeholders build strong brands that convey quality and inspire loyalty.  [... view 90 Degree Design profile ]
    Location
    Raleigh , North Carolina
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $100/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • Design with Clarity. Create with Purpose.

    Design with Clarity. Create with Purpose.

    Pavel Burdych has been working as a freelancer since 2003, primarily collaborating with small to medium-sized Czech businesses and organizations. He specializes in designing logos and brand visual identities.  [... view Pavel Burdych profile ]
    Location
    Prague, Czech Republic
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $60/hr
    Portfolios Count
    3 Projects Listed
  • We Create Brands People Remember

    We Create Brands People Remember

    We believe that every brand touchpoint is an opportunity to make a brilliant impression. At New Communication, we blend strategy, design, and communication to turn businesses into brands people notice, trust, and choose.  [... view New Communication profile ]
    Location
    Thessaloniki, Greece
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $150/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
    Portfolios Count
    2 Projects Listed
  • Leading Digital Transformation Across APAC.

    Leading Digital Transformation Across APAC.

    Leading digital transformation across APAC. Based in Hong Kong, we blend low-code and high-code to create a holistic digital presence for brands.  [... see all RMD HK reviews ]
    Location
    Hong Kong, Hong Kong
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $100/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
  • Design. Print. Digital.

    Design. Print. Digital.

    Holywell Press is one of Oxford's oldest and best-loved commercial printers - but we do much more than just printing! We help organisations and individuals bring their projects and brands to life with beautiful graphic design and cleverly crafted digital materials. If you need help with logo design or  [... view Holywell Press profile ]
    Location
    Oxford, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $70/hr
    Portfolios Count
    2 Projects Listed
  • Branding & Web Design Agency

    Branding & Web Design Agency

    ProBranding is an independent brand design studio dedicated to crafting impactful brand identities for small and medium-sized businesses, founded back in 2014 by Matei Rădulescu.  [... view ProBranding profile ]
    Location
    Bucharest, Romania
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Portfolios Count
    2 Projects Listed
  • Designing Your Vision.

    Designing Your Vision.

    Isabelle Snyder is a graphic designer from Minneapolis, MN, specializing in branding and identity, book design, and packaging. Known for a love of puns and creating bold, colorful designs.  [... view Isabelle Snyder profile ]
    Location
    Minneapolis, Minnesota
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $36/hr
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Make a Difference.

    Make a Difference.

    Zeus is a design studio in which we help brands with their digital image. We create experiences that generate results.  [... view Zeus Studio profile ]
    Location
    Florida City, Florida
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $45/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Designing Brands With Purpose and Precision.

    Designing Brands With Purpose and Precision.

    Altar is a branding and design agency that creates bold, strategic identities for modern businesses. With a focus on clarity and craftsmanship, the agency transforms ideas into design systems that inspire and endure.  [... view Altar profile ]
    Location
    Dundee, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • A Branding & Design Agency

    A Branding & Design Agency

    *Out of House helps clients to develop both new and existing brands. Working collaboratively to find intelligent approaches that will strike a chord with prospects, clients, staff and stakeholders.  [... view Out Of House Limited profile ]
    Location
    Cambridge, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $85/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $10,000 - $25,000
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • We can build your online identity from scratch!

    We can build your online identity from scratch!

    More than 15 years we collaborate with team members and partners to make our clients happy. As a part of digital era, the main challenge for us, as digital and design agency is to provide emotional and inspiring connection with our customers. From years of working over different kind of projects, we learn  [... view VisiOne Design - Digital Agency profile ]
    Location
    Kazanluk, Bulgaria
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $49/hr
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Beautiful does not only mean superficial splendor.

    Beautiful does not only mean superficial splendor.

    For us, Mooi does not only mean superficial splendor. Underneath the handsome first layer lies a strong character and a well-thought-out plan. So from setting up magazines to building websites and from social media planning to logo design, you are in the right place!  [... view De Makers Van Mooi profile ]
    Location
    Lelystad, Netherlands
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $80/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Thoughtful Design Solutions

    Thoughtful Design Solutions

    Sean Peabody has completed a Bachelor's degree in Graphic Design with experience in illustration, branding, typography, and other design practices. He is currently seeking job opportunities to apply and develop these skills in a professional creative setting.  [... view Sean Peabody profile ]
    Location
    Arlington Heights, Illinois
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Portfolios Count
    1 Project Listed
  • Business Starter Packs | Digital Marketing | Design

    Business Starter Packs | Digital Marketing | Design

    Massive Startup was created to support entrepreneurs scale their business. We are not selling quick formulas for success or secret ways of growing your business. In our opinion success comes with honesty, a good product or service, and hard work. Simple.  [... view Massive Startup profile ]
    Location
    Corby, United Kingdom
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $50/hr
    Minimal Budget
    $1,000 - $10,000
    Portfolios Count
    4 Projects Listed
  • Innovative Solutions, Exceptional Results.

    Innovative Solutions, Exceptional Results.

    FGM Technologies is a leading digital agency based in Morocco, founded by Ahmed Mortaji and Sohayb Fadil. Born from a passion for creativity and technology, we specialize in delivering innovative digital solutions that resonate deeply with our clients.  [... view FGM Technologies profile ]
    Location
    Casablanca, Morocco
    Number of Employees
    Under 49
    Average Hourly Rate
    $30/hr
    Minimal Budget
    Under $1,000
    Portfolios Count
    4 Projects Listed