Explore leading Android app developers specializing in custom mobile apps, scalable architectures, API integrations, and user-focused UI/UX design. Our team curated a list of vetted agencies that build high-performance Android apps designed for reliability, usability, and long-term growth.
DesignRush presents a curated list of the top players in the industry, chosen from 1,160+ Android app development companies. Our selection process thoroughly evaluates portfolios, client testimonials, industry standing, pricing structures, and other crucial factors. This ensures you’ll discover a reliable app development partner that aligns with your project requirements.
The Number 1 Android App Development Company as Selected by DesignRush Is:
Notable clients: Citibank, BBC News, JP Morgan, ESPN, Ideal Protein
Zazz is home to a team of 275+ software engineers and designers across seven US cities. It holds a track record of 763 projects delivered, 397 apps deployed, $770 million+ total client revenue generated, and a 95% customer satisfaction rating. The company also has partner certifications with industry giants like AWS, Google Developers, Roku, SAP, Braze, and Adobe.
In 2020, Zazz received a Webby Award for outstanding digital product strategy, design, and development. It has also earned a spot on the Inc. 5000 and America's Fastest Growing Companies lists.
Ideal Protein wanted a comprehensive digital solution that helped users achieve their fitness goals through a personalized three-phase protocol for weight loss, stabilization, and maintenance.
Zazz developed the Ideal Protein App, a versatile pocket companion that integrated IoT with weighing scales, enabled QR code scanning for nutrition information, and optimized search functionalities for clinics and health coaches. The app boasts 1 million+ active users and has generated $277 million+ in revenue.
Comprising 1,500+ tech experts and Android app developers, Appinventiv is proficient in business intelligence, Big Data analytics, AI, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Through its agile methodologies, it delivers projects 57% faster than traditional methods. The company has secured $950M+ in investment funds for 1,000+ startups.
Its published apps have been recognized by Entrepreneur magazine and AppFutura and consistently receive an average 4.5-star rating on the Google Play Store. Appinventiv was also awarded the No. 1 App Development Company in 2020 by the Business of Apps.
Appinventiv has a security- and compliance-first approach to Android app development as it adheres to regulations like the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS).
Appinventiv was hired to enhance KFC's digital presence in the Middle East. A significant portion of orders came through expensive aggregator apps, leading to increased costs and poor user experiences on KFC's platform.
The agency developed and launched seven KFC food delivery apps across the UAE, KSA, Kuwait, Egypt, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. This aimed to reduce dependency on aggregators and strengthen KFC's direct digital presence in the region.
The mobile applications built by Appinventiv generated the following results:
Notable clients: Google, The Home Depot, Burger King, SAP, SBI Bank
Surf has 13+ years of cross-industry expertise in serving 200+ global enterprises, renowned international brands, large-scale enterprises, and Y Combinator startups. Its customized apps collectively have a 4.83-star average Google Play Store rating.
Leveraging SurfGen, its proprietary automation software, Surf delivers Android development services up to 20% faster than regular timelines. Surf can help augment in-house teams and transition low-code/no-code programs into a native product.
SBI Bank approached Surf to revamp its family banking app, which was outdated and attracted only 400 users. The challenge was to create a user-friendly, family-oriented mobile application.
Surf enabled shared access to bank accounts and individual limits for different family members based on needs. The new app amassed over 9,000 monthly users and was also nominated as the Best Family Banking Product in 2022 by Markswebb, a consulting agency.
Notable clients: Papa John's, Astral Pipes, T75, MEDVENTURE, RUMMY
With 1,000+ dedicated developers and designers, the company has successfully served 2,700+ satisfied clients, garnering 110 million+ downloads on the Play Store across 4,500+ apps. Hyperlink offers flexible partnership models, namely, fixed price, dedicated team, and on-site development for more effective communication.
Hyperlink InfoSystem has a global presence in New York, California, Dubai, and India. It’s a member of the Gujarat Electronics & Software Industries Association (GESIA) and an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001:2013-certified company. It also boasts official partnerships with Salesforce, Google, Oracle, and AWS.
Hyperlink InfoSystem worked with a client to develop a unique NFT marketplace app for short videos. Dissatisfied with the limitations of the current blockchain ecosystem, the client approached Hyperlink InfoSystem to create a more secure, scalable, and faster platform.
Hyperlink built an app that featured video listings, a search bar, filters for navigation, buy-and-bid functionality, and a user wallet with popular integrations. It also developed smart contracts to reduce transaction fees. The resulting app increased the user base substantially, stored 100,000-200,000 tokens, and received positive overall feedback.
Notable clients: Dollar Shave Club, Aspiration, Yaza, Sprent, Rivalz
Uptech has a 90-member strong team, dispersed across offices in the U.S., Estonia, Ukraine, Cyprus, and Poland. It has delivered 150+ products to clients in 12 countries, providing comprehensive team extension and end-to-end Android app development solutions.
The agency has collaborated with Fortune 500 companies, entities on the Inc. 5000 list, and ambitious technology startups. It has been recognized with an honorable mention from Awwwards and the Mobile Excellence Award.
The Android app developer leverages Kotlin, Coroutines/RxJava, Dagger, Retrofit, Room, and JUnit in its development. In addition, Uptech employs the Clean Architecture approach and adheres to Google's design and material guidelines, ensuring consistent placement for its apps on Google Play. It also upholds Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Coding Practices and GDPR.
GOAT, a global retail platform for sneakers, apparel, and accessories, collaborated with Uptech to enhance its buyer- and seller-facing app, Alias. The challenge was to make the existing "Offer Flow" feature more interactive, ensure smooth user experiences with multiple simultaneous videos, and execute comprehensive week-long sale campaigns.
Uptech introduced a custom price selector view for the "Offer Flow" to optimize video loading and launch multifaceted campaigns. Over three years of partnership, the agency successfully implemented all required features, earned the GOAT app a 4.5 rating on the Play Store, and secured $450M in funding.
Notable clients: Strong Mom, Bingebooks, TaskRunner, Vethem, Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine
Stfalcon comprises 60+ specialists who collectively contribute to 14+ years of the agency's experience in the market. It can complete business analysis within four to six weeks and quickly develop minimum viable products (MVPs) for startups in just two to three months.
Stfalcon excels in implementing GPS tracking, real-time synchronization, and third-party systems like payment gateways. The company's Android technology stack includes Native Android, Room, Firebase, CI/CD systems, Dependency Injection, Retrofit, Gson, and Kotlin Multiplatform Mobile.
The agency has an ISO 9001:2015 International Management System Certification. It was also recognized in 2019 as the Top Mobile Developer by ThinkMobiles.com and the Top Flutter Developer by Top App Development Companies.
Collaborating with Ajax Systems and receiving support from the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine, Stfalcon designed the "Air Alert" app to deliver timely notifications about dangers like airstrikes and missile attacks.
Within a week of launch, the app garnered 140,000+ users across Ukraine. Subsequent developments, including features like multi-subscription, English voiceovers, and emergency service integrations, propelled the app to 24 million+ installations.
Recognized by Techreviewer as one of the Top Mobile App Developers, Diffco offers diverse project approaches such as mobile-only solutions, comprehensive mobile and backend development, web versions, and intuitive admin panels for both mobile and web apps.
Diffco offers end-to-end Android app development and in-house team extension. It leverages analytics and builds conversion funnels that optimize products, UI/UX, content, and processes, helping your marketing teams maximize profits.
Diffco collaborated with Clovitek on a software stack for its wireless audio transmitter. The Diffco team customized the CloviFi firmware, an optimized audio streaming protocol, and a mobile application for Android. This solution adapted the streaming protocol based on user numbers and network stability, ensuring minimal latency and high sound quality in various network conditions.
The Android app offers a user-friendly interface, native audio controls, and seamless audio transmission to multiple devices via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Diffco implemented reliable software updates and remote maintenance for efficient customer support.
Operating from its head office in the U.S., Trango Tech boasts a team of 200+ Android developers who have earned the trust of 500+ clients in 200 cities. It has successfully created 147+ Android apps in over two decades of service.
Trango Tech's Android app development services cover expert app update management, continuous enhancement, and bug elimination. Its developers also excel in app portability tests and Android widget development with a focus on UI/UX.
Trango Tech worked on Goto, a one-stop online shopping marketplace, to overcome several challenges and enhance the buyer experience. It implemented an integrated system that included:
Dynamic cart rules
Fraud management systems
Seller education programs
Inventory switching processes
Complaint management section
Contact center solution
HR management
Warehouse management
The revolutionized Goto app was able to manage 20.3 million daily visitors.
In its proprietary SolutionLab phase, Designli creates an architectural blueprint for development, covering its features, functions, business models, risks, and investment requirements. Following the lean startup methodology, it first develops an MVP to reduce costs and get customer validation before extensive investment. The agency also adheres to Google-led design and development guidelines when building and testing apps, guaranteeing consistency.
Designli developed Icueity, a platform that aims to improve self-awareness through continuous, holistic feedback from peers. The resulting native Android app incorporated à la carte pricing for features like polls, status updates, and milestone reviews. Designli also provides ongoing support and iteration, maintaining flexibility for future enhancements.
Notable clients: IIFL, Fox Sports, Fossil, Entrepreneur, Southwest Airlines
With a workforce of 1,800+ developers in 20+ global offices, Brainvire has delivered 500+ live apps, 50+ of which have been crowned "App of the Year". The company's customized apps have collectively amassed 50 million+ downloads and 500+ five-star ratings.
A global leader in Android app development for 24+ years, Brainvire Infotech boasts an impressive roster of technology partnerships, including Adobe, Magento, Odoo, BigCommerce, Microsoft, Commercetools, Salesforce, and AWS. The company values excellence, as underscored by its 95% customer retention rate and accolades like the Adobe Experience Maker Award (2022 & 2023).
Brainvire's collaborated with India Infoline Finance Limited (IIFL), a prominent financial institution in the Asia-Pacific region. The project entailed creating an app that allowed users to track incomes and expenses and receive recommendations for smart investments.
Brainvire implemented AI and machine learning (ML) algorithms, which traced transactions through text messages for accurate information on cash flow. It incorporated a scanner that could identify all mutual fund investments through consolidated statements, eliminating the need for manual data entry from users.
As a result, the app's user base exceeded 500,000 users. It also handled $100 million+ in portfolios, connected with 20+ well-known banks, and facilitated $1 million+ in secure transactions.
DesignRush stands out as a reliable source for identifying leading Android app development companies thanks to our executive selection team. Comprising former agency executives and leaders, this team understands the industry and the qualities that distinguish top-tier firms.
Our agency ranking process is based on several rigorous criteria, including:
Verified reviews: Evaluation of client satisfaction, the agency's authority in the category, and the overall quality of their work
Robust portfolio: Assessment of projects through case studies, outcomes, and success stories
Accolades and press mentions: Recognition for thought leadership, industry reputation, and innovative practices
Team bios: In-depth analysis of workforce profiles, experience, and specializations
Top services: Identification of areas of expertise and core offers
10 Most Popular Android App Development Companies Compared
Agency name
Location
Hourly rate
Size
Best for
Zazz
Seattle, WA
$50
250 - 499
Overall
Appinventiv
Noida, India
$25
1,000 & Up
Food industry
Surf
Wilmington, DE
$49
100 - 249
Online banking
Hyperlink InfoSystem
New York City, NY
$50
250 - 499
NFT marketplaces
Uptech
Gdynia, Poland
$45
50 - 99
Retail platforms
Stfalcon
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
Inquire
100 - 249
Emergency services
Diffco
Sunnyvale, CA
$70
Under 49
Smart solutions
Trango Tech
San Jose, CA
$25
100 - 249
eCommerce
Designli
Greenville, SC
$65
Under 49
Personal growth and wellness tools
Brainvire
Irving, TX
$25
1,000 & Up
Fintech
Best Android App Developers
3,897 Companies-Rankings updated: August 31, 2026
All Android app developers listed on DesignRush are reviewed based on industry expertise, service capabilities, and client feedback. Some placements may be sponsored.
First choice for complex bespoke development needs. From custom integrations and full website or mobile app builds, to creating unique snippets and fixing code. We are a one-stop-shop for all things custom web and mobile development. We do what other companies tell you is impossible...
We are a leading web development and mobile app development agency with extensive experience developing enterprise software for clients such as UPS and Aspen Dental. We are committed to quality and excellence for our clients and our goal is to not just code but create lasting partnerships...
We Offer extensive Business Development Services Including Websites, Digital Marketing, Search Engine Optimization (SEO) & more. We committed to deliver top-notch software products and services that exceed our clients' expectations. Some of our core keywords are innovation, reliability, excellence, and...
Go-Tech Solution is a dynamic IT and digital solutions company based in Udaipur, dedicated to helping businesses grow through smart technology and strategic marketing. We craft high-performing websites, scalable mobile applications, powerful e-commerce platforms, and data-driven digital marketing campaigns...
Crafting Exceptional Websites for Creatives and Agencies
Crafting Exceptional Websites for Creatives and Agencies
Creative websites that convert like never before. Devife combines bold design, CRO strategies and full-stack development to build digital experiences that convert visitors into customers. We test, measure & optimize until your conversion ratio peaks...
Transforming Businesses with Innovative IT Solutions.
Transforming Businesses with Innovative IT Solutions.
Techvins is a well-known mobile app development firm situated in Gurgaon, Delhi, India, that offers worldwide mobile and online services. We are known in the mobile market for our ability to provide scalable and robust mobile and online solutions for a broad range of business verticals globally...
Designer Orbits is a leading provider of website development, design and other online services. With a strong focus on creativity, quality, and customer satisfaction, we have established ourselves as a reputable company in the competitive field of digital solutions...
We don't just make strategies for brands, we make the brands, the strategy.
We don't just make strategies for brands, we make the brands, the strategy.
We are a branding and digital marketing agency with experience in 11 different countries and clients from all economic sectors.
We have five dishes on the menu designed for any type of business, so continue to explore everything we can do together...
Our main objective is to build the most outstanding and robust software development teams in Latin America for companies looking for first class technological solutions and accelerate your technology roadmap...
Double Geste is a Paris-based digital studio specializing in multimedia development for institutions, businesses, and associations. We craft ambitious digital experiences through meticulous design and personalized consulting, seamlessly integrating contemporary technologies to bring your ideas to life...
From traditional PR and thought leadership campaigns to storytelling and creative social media management we got you covered. Something is not your average order-taking vendor. We are proud to be the go-to partner for some of the worlds biggest agencies and brands because they trust our expertise...
At AlphaSquad Technologies, we transcend mere development to craft transformative digital experiences. With unmatched proficiency in Web Development and Mobile Application Development, we pave the way toward an innovative, digitally evolved landscape. Our specialization lies in pioneering Website Design...
GwayERP is a custom software development company focused on delivering optimal business outcomes. Collaborating closely with clients, we ensure high-quality standards and provide tailored software solutions. Our approach involves creating software from scratch, aligning precisely with your specifications...
We guide brands from inception to launch with our comprehensive suite of services including Website Design & Development, Marketing Strategy, Branding, SEO, Social Media Marketing, Graphic Design, Unified Communications (VoIP), and more...
We focus on clear, smart digital strategies and beautiful design to create online experiences that truly connect with your audience and get you the results youre looking for...
We helps startups and businesses build powerful web and mobile apps that drive results. From idea to launch, we've got you covered. At Launchbox Global, we are a dedicated ecommerce development company that delivers exceptional online solutions. Our team offers ecommerce development services to help...
Captus Technologies offers professional services since 11+ years for more than 2300+ website developed. We have worked variety of industries such as Retail, Real Estate, Logistics, Healthcare and many more. We have Developed 1100+ Brands across the world. Our certified mobile app developers is committed to...
Midable stands as a digital agency dedicated to facilitating companies in their digitalization, communication, and digital marketing endeavors. Our methodology revolves around a data-driven, performance-centric approach. We bring together top-tier talent for exceptional projects, ensuring excellence in every...
Digix99 operates as a digital marketing agency dedicated to fostering online growth for businesses. Our comprehensive services include website development, social media marketing, pay-per-click, and search engine optimization. Backed by a team of seasoned experts, we specialize in content creation, audience...
We were the early creators. Before the Internet, our team specialized in client-server based business software and virtual games. When the Internet emerged we shifted our development platform to the worldwide web. Through the years we continue to meet new challenges and expand our team to include the bright...
Graviton Interactive offers services that are focused around using immersive technologies to help brands and businesses create meaningful and purposeful experiences...
We build innovative solutions that quickly deliver measurable value for our clients. Our user-focused, value-driven approach sets us apart helping identify the most impactful challenges and develop practical solutions to solve them...
Bellosoft is a global software development agency helping businesses scale through custom solutions in web, mobile, AI, and cloud technologies. With a focus on innovation, agility, and measurable results, we partner with startups and enterprises in the US, UK, and Europe to deliver reliable products and...
Professional software development for Android, iOS and web from Germany.
Professional software development for Android, iOS and web from Germany.
We develop customized apps and digital experiences for Android, iOS, Windows and the web - intuitive, innovative and entertaining. With state-of-the-art artificial intelligence, we offer smart automation, professional AI consulting and powerful solutions that inspire. Your project, our passion!...
Sigosoft is a technology company specializing in AI-powered web and mobile application development designed to help businesses innovate and scale in the digital era. With over a decade of experience and more than 200 digital solutions delivered across 30+ countries, the company focuses on building...
Nanlab is an innovative development firm that specializes in delivering advanced solutions to businesses and startups. Our expertise lies in pioneering advancements in mobile, web, and AI innovations, offering cutting-edge solutions that cater to diverse industry needs...
A trusted partner in software engineering and staff augmentation, delivering scalable products with a focus on quality over quantity. We provide comprehensive IT solutions tailored to your business needs...
Zumify is a growth-focused digital partner that blends strategy, design, and technology to build high-performing experiences. Rather than using templates, it creates tailored solutions that solve real business problems from increasing leads to strengthening brand credibility...
Codiste is a leading IT services provider that specializes in advanced technologies, including AI,ML,Blockchian and NFT Development, Metaverse, AR/VR Development with Crypto Development. Our Team of experts are highly skilled professionals is committed to delivering innovative and customised solution to meet...
We are an innovative technology solutions company with more than 8 years of experience offering high-quality services and products that guarantee high performance to small, medium, and large companies...
Infinitus Interactive specialises in digital twins, augmented reality, and virtual reality applications. We also develop games, websites, mobile apps, and Unity assets. Our team creates immersive software that transforms user experiences and drives innovation. With roots in video game development, we bring a...
Bluell, a leading technology company specializing in full stack development.
Bluell, a leading technology company specializing in full stack development.
Bluell, a leading technology company specializing in full stack development, mobile development, and cloud computing. Our expert team provides innovative solutions, including TaaS and SaaS, to drive growth and efficiency. We are dedicated to empowering businesses in Sweden with cutting-edge technology...
SolarSpark is a specialized casual puzzle game development outsourcing company trusted by leading studios and contributing to projects such as KitchenMasters from BiggerGames and MONOPOLY Match by Beematch...
Born out of a fascination with human behavior and a passion for the ever-evolving world of technology, we offer masterfully crafted digital experiences that make people love brands...
Base2Brand, the convergence point of creativity and technology! Our specialization lies in mastering Shopify, bespoke web development, and creating captivating UI/UX designs. We excel at transforming ideas into digital art, meticulously crafting unique online experiences that seamlessly connect and convert...
At Onobit, we provide user-centric design and development services.
At Onobit, we provide user-centric design and development services.
At Onobit, we provide user-centric design and development services tailored to meet the unique needs of startups and established businesses alike. Meet our rockstar team of innovators, designers, and developers who bring a wealth of experience from collaborating with some of the largest brands in the country...
To elevate businesses with proven solutions that drive lasting success and growth
To elevate businesses with proven solutions that drive lasting success and growth
Holicky Corporation is a full-service marketing agency located in New Lenox, IL. We serve businesses of all sizes, from small local shops to large corporations around the Chicagoland Area and throughout the United States...
At Pech Empire, we specialize in transforming your business's identity.
At Pech Empire, we specialize in transforming your business's identity.
At Pech Empire, we specialize in transforming your business's identity with our top-tier branding services. From logo designs and brand identity to web development, our expert team delivers tailored solutions that make your brand stand out. Whether you're a startup or an established company, our streamlined...
SantPro Technologies is a trusted web and software development company based in India and the United States that delivers high-quality web, mobile, and cloud solutions for businesses of all sizes...
Empowering Tomorrow, Today: Your IT Partner for Infinite Possibilities.
Empowering Tomorrow, Today: Your IT Partner for Infinite Possibilities.
Transforming the digital landscape, we go beyond being an IT services company; we are architects of digital transformation, dedicated to elevating your business through technology. Navigating the intricate IT terrain, we provide seamless software solutions and robust secure frameworks, ensuring your...
At Marcelline & Co., our fervor lies in meticulously sculpting compelling digital experiences that not only animate your concepts but also serve as catalysts for your business's prosperity within the dynamic contours of the contemporary digital sphere. We ardently believe in the transformative power of...
TechnerdNYC, a US-based tech company established in 2020.
TechnerdNYC, a US-based tech company established in 2020.
The TechNerdNYC team consists of proficient and seasoned professionals who are dedicated to providing optimal solutions for our clients. Our experts are passionate about delivering excellence. Recognizing the significance of a robust online presence in today's digital era, we are committed to offering the...
We create confidence and support, improving business performance, interested clients, through building an effective sales funnel adapted to the client's specific business!...
Attain your product goals, accelerate business expansion, and nurture your internal technology teams. Kirana Consulting specializes in crafting robust enterprises, pioneering product innovations, and enhancing our clients' workforce capabilities...
Appinnovista excels in crafting digital excellence through innovative software solutions, offering specialized expertise in custom software development tailored to your business objectives. Our seasoned developers ensure the delivery of scalable, secure, and high-performance applications from...
ContByte is a software services and consulting company based in Bucharest, Romania. We help businesses at every stage of their software journey - from consulting and technical audits to development, optimization, and ongoing support. Our focus is on practical solutions, clear communication, and long-term...
Simple apps with basic features may cost $5,000 to $20,000
Mid-level apps with integrations cost $20,000 to $75,000
Complex apps with advanced functionality can exceed $75,000 to $200,000
Costs come from several stages of the build process:
UI/UX design: $2,000 to $15,000 Wireframes, user flows, interface design, and interaction design.
Frontend development: $5,000 to $50,000+ Android interface, screens, user interactions, and device optimization.
Backend development: $5,000 to $60,000+ Servers, databases, APIs, authentication systems, and integrations.
Testing and QA: $2,000 to $15,000 Device testing, bug fixing, performance testing, and security checks.
Project management: $1,000 to $10,000 Planning, coordination, and delivery oversight.
Maintenance after launch: 15% to 20% of the original development cost per year.
What factors determine the final price?
The final cost depends mainly on app complexity, design quality, features, development team location, and ongoing maintenance.
App complexity: Basic apps cost less. Apps with payments, real-time features, or large databases cost more.
Design and UX quality: Custom UI, animations, and advanced interaction design increase development time and cost.
Features and integrations: APIs, payment systems, geolocation, and third-party services add development work.
Development team location: Android app development companies in North America charge the most. Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia usually cost less.
Maintenance and updates: Ongoing support, bug fixes, and OS updates typically cost 15 to 20% of the original development cost each year.
Simple apps: 1 to 3 months Basic features and minimal backend.
Medium-complexity apps: 3 to 6 months User accounts, APIs, integrations, and databases.
Complex apps: 6 to 12+ months Real-time features, payments, advanced security, and large systems.
How often should an Android app be updated and why?
Top Android app development companies update apps every 1 to 3 months, with faster updates for bug fixes, security issues, or urgent performance problems.
Regular updates keep the app stable. They fix bugs, improve speed, and reduce crashes.
Security updates protect users. Apps need patches when new risks or vulnerabilities appear.
OS updates require compatibility fixes. Android changes over time, so apps need updates to keep working properly on new devices and versions.
Feature updates keep the app competitive. New features and UX improvements help retain users and meet changing expectations.
Too few updates can hurt retention. An outdated app can feel broken, slow, or abandoned.
Do Android app developers handle app store publishing?
Yes. Most Android app developers handle Google Play Store publishing as part of the development or launch process.
They typically prepare the app build, configure the Google Play Console, upload the Android Package Kit (APK) or Android App Bundle (AAB), add store assets such as screenshots and descriptions, and submit the app for review. Many companies also manage updates, version releases, and compliance requirements after launch.
Proposals