Find top international advertising agencies skilled in media buying, brand strategy, and creative development to achieve strong ROAS and measurable business outcomes. Compare agencies by expertise, location, and budget to find your partner.
Our Verified Agencies are Trusted by Top Brands:
We have assessed over 5,200 advertising agencies worldwide, examining their creative capabilities, service diversity, portfolios, client testimonials, pricing structures, and industry recognition. Learn about our ranking criteria and how we identify the top players in the advertising industry.
The Number 1 Advertising Agency as Selected by DesignRush Is:
Notable clients: Caliber Collision, BBQGuys, Warner Bros, Ebay, Ziebart
HigherVisibility offers PPC and advertising solutions, including paid search, display, shopping ads, remarketing, local service ads, custom landing page creation, and audience targeting. The advertising agency employs a hands-on approach, encompassing deep keyword research, A/B ad/image testing, bid and budget management, negative keyword lists, geo-targeting, and quality score performance.
Its technology and methodology are anchored around the Targeted Growth System®, which ensures efficient ad spend. With nods from DesignRush and Inc. 500, a sharp strategy, and stellar client service, HigherVisibility continues to set the bar for effective, accountable PPC management.
HigherVisibility demonstrated its ability to manage large, complex PPC campaigns through its work with Caliber Collision.
The agency designed a customized paid search strategy centered on precise targeting, ongoing optimization, and continuous campaign refinement. By handling keyword research, bid management, and conversion tracking, HigherVisibility ensured that every advertising dollar was used efficiently and profitably. Its approach delivered strong, measurable results, including a 323% increase in return on ad spend and a 167% increase in conversions, which helped Caliber Collision strengthen its position as a leader in the auto repair industry.
Doner is a full-service advertising agency founded in 1937 and headquartered in Southfield, Michigan, with additional offices in Los Angeles and London. Doner's approach includes diversity, inclusivity, and a modern, content-driven method tailored to today's dynamic advertising market.
Renowned for creating iconic campaigns for major brands, Doner has crafted memorable slogans like "Timex takes a licking and keeps on ticking" and "Zoom-Zoom" for Mazda. The agency specializes in retail, consumer packaged goods (CPG), healthcare, consumer technology, destination, entertainment, and automotive industries.
Doner successfully refreshed the image of the Chrysler Pacifica by tapping into cultural trends while staying grounded in real family needs.
Chrysler wanted to make the Pacifica more appealing to modern families, and the rise of the #VanLife trend created an opportunity to shift perceptions of the minivan. Doner connected this trend to everyday parenting by highlighting Pacifica’s practical, family-friendly features through engaging video content across broadcast and social media.
By blending aspiration with real-life usefulness, the campaign repositioned the Pacifica and delivered strong results, including a 143% year-over-year increase and a 95% increase in second-quarter sales.
FCB (Foote, Cone & Belding) is a globally recognized advertising agency known for its innovative and effective advertising and marketing campaigns. As part of the Interpublic Group, FCB has a substantial global footprint, with over 120 offices across over 80 countries.
FCB's impact is validated by numerous awards and recognitions in the industry, including the Cannes Lions and Effie Awards. The agency combines creative storytelling with deep insights into consumer behavior, aiming to create accessible advertisements that capture attention and drive meaningful results for its clients.
During the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Brazilian football fans wanted to support their national team by wearing the official jersey. However, the high cost of the jerseys (R$350) was a significant barrier, especially given the inflation Brazilians were facing at the time. This situation challenged FCB's client, Flash, to engage with fans and allow them to express their support.
FCB offered a 50% cashback on jersey purchases from Nike's eCommerce site in exchange for fans customizing the jersey with Flash's brand name and sharing it on social media. This campaign turned fans into brand sponsors and significantly boosted Flash's visibility, getting more than 5.1 million interactions and increasing brand mentions by 2300%.
Marketing Architects is an all-inclusive TV advertising agency, renowned for integrating technology and data into its campaigns. With its unique All-Inclusive TV model, the agency handles all aspects of a campaign, including media buying, strategy, creative development, production, and reporting. Therefore, clients pay only for media while saving on other costs.
The strategy is powered by Annika, the agency’s own AI for media buying that analyzes large datasets to optimize media placements across linear and streaming TV. Marketing Architects serves B2B and B2C clients, using TV advertising as a key growth driver.
Joybird, a furniture retailer and manufacturer primarily focused on online marketing, wanted to expand its customer base and reach new audiences through offline channels. Marketing Architects launched TV ads on linear and streaming platforms, minimizing audience overlap with Annika's help.
The campaign led to over 700,000 web visits driven by TV, over 16,000 TV-attributable orders, and 7-10X return on ad spend (ROAS).
Notable clients: Montgomery County, MD, Remote Area Medical, Parkmobile, FlyingFish, Chicago Title
The AD Agency, founded in 1982, is a full-service research, marketing, online digital advertising, graphic design, media buying, IT support, and public relations firm.
Known for its aggressive and agile approach, the award-winning agency focuses on effective communication strategies. With a reputation for on-target marketing, its expertise lies in developing brands and maximizing client visibility and impact.
The AD Agency developed a comprehensive marketing strategy for Montgomery County, MD, to promote yard waste recycling. The multi-faceted campaign included a strategic marketing plan, a new branding and logo, and diverse advertising efforts across print, radio, and TV. Key to the campaign was engaging, information-rich content paired with an emotional appeal to change resident behavior.
The initiative featured full-page newspaper ads, a grasscycling campaign, TV commercials, public relations, community outreach, and direct mail. It also introduced "Digger the Worm" in a school natural science project. Thanks to this approach, Montgomery County, MD achieved the desired behavioral change and gained national and local recognition.
Notable clients: UPN, Masport, Custom View, The Waterford, NCBVI
PLAY Creative Design is an advertising agency that prioritizes strategy development before launching creative tactics. It achieves results through campaign engagement, targeted messaging, and a blend of print and digital media.
PLAY Creative grows businesses through website optimization, quality messaging, and precise media management, increasing brand awareness, customer retention, and lead generation. It serves businesses in the finance, higher education, and tech industries, as well as small businesses.
Unite Private Networks (UPN) faced the challenge of effectively targeting businesses in six specific locations. PLAY Creative decided to focus on LinkedIn and Google Display Advertising. It created dedicated ad groups for each location, combining precise targeting with tailored landing pages and submission forms for more efficient lead generation.
The campaign’s results outperformed industry standards for both platforms over 3.5 months.
Notable clients: CALM, Volkswagen, Team Heroine, National Lottery, Marmite
DDB is an advertising agency that uses emotionally driven solutions to influence consumer behavior and choices. Driven by its "Unexpected Works" mantra, it strives to create work that drives behavioral changes and achieves significant business results.
In response to the UK's escalating suicide rate in 2022, DDB partnered with CALM and ITV to fight the suicide crisis by changing public perception. "The Last Photo" campaign featured an exhibition of 50 last photos of suicide victims and a 90-second film distributed across television, cinema, outdoor, digital, and social media channels. It also directed the audience to CALM's website for suicide prevention.
"The Last Photo" drew over 500,000 visitors to the exhibition, reached 7.5 million people through live TV, and generated 1.6 billion impressions. Additionally, it became the most talked-about video on Reddit globally for 48 hours and increased online discussions about suicide by 33%.
Financially, it led to a 400% year-over-year rise in donations to CALM. Most significantly, the campaign was crucial in preventing 161 suicides in the six months following its launch.
With offices in major cities worldwide, Wieden+Kennedy (WK) is a global, independent advertising agency known for transforming some of the world's most famous and fascinating brands for over 40 years. It has earned several accolades, including Emmy Awards and recognition as global agency of the year.
W+K provides world-class creative, media, social, design, and strategy services with a core mission: to use creativity and influence to change the world and shape culture. The agency gained fame for its work with Nike, crafting the iconic "Just Do It" tagline.
Nike faced the challenge of promoting women's fitness and sports. W+K created the "Better for It" campaign, inviting women globally to share their fitness journeys and personal bests.
This campaign included "Margot vs Lily", a scripted series about two sisters with differing fitness goals, directed by Tricia Brock. It also launched Nike's first Tumblr site and short films "Inner Thoughts" and "Last," encouraging women to share their fitness missions.
"Margot vs Lily" led to 3.5 million downloads of the Nike Training Club App and inspired two million new workouts. The campaign's Tumblr quickly gained 175,000 followers, becoming the most reblogged fashion brand of 2015. Moreover, two months after the campaign's launch, Nike's women's division sales increased by 20%.
Notable clients: De'Longhi, Samsung, ESPN, Ad Council, Little Caesars
McKinney is a full-service integrated agency with 54 years of experience specializing in strategy, creative development, production, and digital measurement. It includes a full media entity and provides a wide range of services, including media strategy, activation, and optimization.
Its philosophy is to provide clients with a perspective that differs from the Madison Avenue standard. Recognized for creativity and effectiveness, McKinney has been named a top agency by Adweek, Campaign US, and Influencer Marketing Hub.
De'Longhi, known for its espresso machines, wanted to expand into the North American automatic coffee machine market. McKinney launched the TrueBrew campaign starring Brad Pitt to highlight the machine's appeal in a realistic, emotionally resonant way.
The campaign increased brand engagement by 134% compared to the previous three months and led to strong sales, reaffirming the success of the celebrity-driven strategy.
Grey is an advertising agency with over a 100-year legacy. Its expertise includes advertising, communications, and design, especially in the health and wellness industry. Grey is part of AKQA, an international family of autonomous agencies.
Its "Famously Effective" approach produces memorable and highly effective ads. The agency taps into "Cultural Value" to understand what resonates in society and culture, ensuring its campaigns connect deeply with audiences and achieve results.
Dole Sunshine Company wanted to address the stigma associated with the "forbidden fruit" to encourage healthier eating and start a global discussion about the importance of fruit. The agency humorously requested Pope Francis to rebrand the fruit's bad image, suggesting a biblical revision to replace "fruit" with an unhealthy snack.
The campaign was launched on International Fruit Day 2022. It generated over 55 million media impressions and appeared in 784 media outlets, including Design Taxi and Bloomberg, earning $2.2 million in media value. This innovative approach significantly raised awareness about the benefits of fruit and a healthy diet.
To select the top advertising companies, we reviewed their testimonials, case studies, industry reputation, team expertise, client roster, and executive management. Our team of agency experts developed a scoring system to measure their overall performance based on several important factors:
Reviews: Quality of work, client satisfaction, and level of trustworthiness
Portfolio: Tangible examples of an agency's track record
Awards and press: Industry reputation and innovation
Team bios: The agency’s qualifications and team dynamics
Top services: Core competencies and areas of expertise
Organic rankings are determined by five factors: top services, reviews, portfolio, awards/press, and team expertise. Sponsored listings pay for a placement that appears above organic positions. Sponsorship does not affect star ratings or review content - read more on our methodology page.
MailPros USA is a fullservice direct mail platform offering expert direct mail marketing services, highquality printing, targeted mailing lists, EDDM (Every Door Direct Mail) solutions, and fulfillment nationwide. Trusted by thousands of businesses for precision targeting and proven ROI, MailPros USA helps...
At Siweb, we understand that every website is a reflection of your business and a key to success in the digital age. Therefore, we strive to ensure our solutions always surpass your expectations, providing you with a competitive edge in the market. We invite you to get to know us and together create a digital...
Logos, Websites, Print, Digital & Marketing Design
Sarah Bryce Designs is a digital design studio offering Logos, Print, Digital & Web Design. Based in Delaware, Sarah is the solopreneur of Sarah Bryce Designs, a woman-owned business, serving clients since 2017...
Clickstera is a performance marketing agency that helps e-commerce and direct-to-consumer (DTC) brands scale profitably across Amazon, Walmart, Google, Meta, TikTok, and Shopify. The agency combines paid advertising, marketplace management, creative optimization, and conversion-focused Shopify development to...
Wyoming SEO Company | Sheridan WY SEO Agency | Web Development Services
Easy Services Club LLC is a Sheridan, Wyoming SEO and web development agency specializing in technical SEO, local SEO, content strategy, and authority link building. We help businesses strengthen online visibility, improve rankings, and generate consistent organic leads...
Halo Digital is a digital agency in Perth, Western Australia. We provide web design, search engine optimisation and pay-per-click advertising services. Get a website that converts visitors into leads, then drive more people to your website through our SEO and PPC services...
Attract more customers with our high-converting, targeted ad campaigns.
Welcome to Aura, your premier Digital Advertising Agency in Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico. Specializing in Facebook Ads | Meta Ads, we craft powerful campaigns on Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Audience Network. With a strong focus on data-driven results, we ensure your investment translates into...
LaunchPad Marketing is the top choice for small-to-medium sized home service businesses who want to elevate their growth without breaking the bank. Home service businesses that follow our 5-step process will begin to experience steady growth in a way that provides an ROI that will always stay ahead of the...
Digital Marketing Specialist For Small Businesses And Freelancers.
Arubeus is a digital marketing and web design agency based in Madrid, serving clients worldwide. We create powerful strategies, stunning websites, and SEO solutions that help businesses grow locally and globally. Whether you're a small business or an international brand, we combine creativity, data, and smart...
A DM8 Agência de Marketing Digital ajuda empresas locais a captarem clientes online com posicionamento e estratégias que melhoram sua visibilidade nas principais plataformas como Google, Instagram, Chatgpt, Gemini entre outras...
A Premium Social Media Management Solution to Boost Your Digital Momentum
Whether it's social media management, general digital marketing, or a new website you need built, we can provide you a solution that will exceed your business' needs...
Branded gear, sales tools and programs for building products companies.
Gott Marketing works only with building products companies. We supply branded apparel, hats and promotional products, run company stores, design catalogs and sell sheets, and run year-round programs for employee gear, dealer and customer gifts, and trade shows. One point of contact, start to finish...
Kopplin Co. is a web design, SEO, and Google Ads studio based in Downtown Jackson, Michigan. We help local service businesses replace outdated websites, climb local search rankings, and turn ad spend into booked jobs. Founded in 2025 by Aaron Kopplin, a computer science graduate of Grand Valley State...
We craft personalized digital marketing solutions with SEO, social media, PPC, content, email marketing, influencer marketing, and affiliate marketing to drive engagement and growth. Lets make your brand unmissable!...
Zava Build is a digital marketing agency based in Middlesbrough, helping UK businesses grow online. We take care of everything from websites and SEO to paid ads, social media and AI automation, so you have one team handling your entire digital presence. Whether you need more leads, better visibility or a...
Shopyard is a productized Shopify growth agency that helps e-commerce brands identify issues, implement fixes, and scale revenue through fixed-price services. The agency specializes in Shopify audits, conversion optimization, paid advertising, email marketing, and store performance improvements without...
Advanced Digital Marketing Solutions with Intellisea
Intellisea specializes in crafting world class objective driven digital marketing programs for all business types. Our mission is executing effective and transparent marketing solutions in the ever changing digital landscape. While many agencies offer “dedicated” support staff (at extra cost of course)...
Top Ranked Value Based Digital Marketing for Small Businesses. In an industry full of over promising and under delivering, we pave our own path by providing full transparency and unparalleled customer support. Our mission is to provide the best digital marketing services at the best price. Period...
STRAT is a performance-driven growth agency based in Madrid, Spain, where we replace guesswork with data-backed strategies. We currently manage the growth and profitability of 30+ active ecommerce brands by dominating the two most critical levers of online revenue: Acquisition and Retention...
Proven Results for Lead Generation for Small Businesses
Value focused hyper local marketing agency that looks to protect their clients and help them grow. Our value approach to our partnership with you is to make sure that you are getting the most out of your marketing investment...
Search Agency fully focused on SEO & link building
At SEO HUB, we bring over 10 years of SEO Expertise to help your Business thrive online. Using innovative strategies and data-driven solutions, we enhance your visibility and drive success...
We are storytellers – building agile brands that disrupt the industry standard. We’re strategic experts and creative explorers committed to further enhancing marketplace presence by solving complex challenges...
We are the marketing agency of tomorrow, bringing big ideas to small businesses today.
We are LC3 Creative, based in East Liverpool, Ohio, a digital marketing agency founded in 2020 with a mission to empower and uplift local small businesses. Rooted in a commitment to excellence - we specialize in providing innovative and tailored marketing solutions, ranging from web development and graphic...
Websites and marketing built for local businesses.
Hometown Marketing Agency helps Kansas City businesses look better online, get found locally, and turn more visitors into leads. We build clean, conversion-focused websites, improve local SEO, manage paid ads, and create marketing systems that help small businesses grow without feeling overwhelmed...
At XSeven, we transform your online presence. We craft high-converting websites, drive qualified traffic, and turn visitors into loyal customers. Our team has empowered hundreds of business owners to generate over $10M in revenue...
Upline Digital is a performance marketing agency specializing in paid advertising and lead generation through Google Ads and Meta Ads for businesses in Israel. Founded by Bar Apota, the agency helps service businesses and e-commerce brands build predictable customer acquisition systems through targeted...
Done-for-you websites for local home service businesses: roofing, plumbing, HVAC, pool and landscaping. $0 upfront, live in 2 to 5 business days, with local SEO, unlimited changes and Google Business Profile setup included. Google Ads management available, priced by your ad spend...
Full-Service Digital Marketing from $7/Day No Contracts, Real Results.
Orrku Media is a full-service digital marketing agency in Huntington Beach, California, built for local service businesses that are tired of overpaying for marketing that doesn't deliver. We specialize in website development, SEO, social media management, branding, and advertising for dentists, contractors...
Zenith Elevation Group is not a faceless agency or an overseas content mill. It is owner operated, run out of Broken Arrow, and built around a simple idea: a local business deserves a partner who actually answers the phone, knows their site inside out, and treats their growth like his own...
Next-Level Agency Improving Small Business Results
From day one, Meetzizi's mission has been to deliver an outstanding experience. Our focus is on helping you gain more clients and achieve results that fuel your business growth. Every client, regardless of the package or service chosen, is treated as a premium client. With a strong business background, we...
WebEngineer.ie specializes in affordable, high-performance web design for small businesses in Irelan
WebEngineer.ie specializes in affordable, high-performance web design for small businesses in Ireland. We create fast, mobile-friendly, and SEO-optimized websites that drive growth. Our services include WordPress development, e-commerce solutions, and ongoing maintenance. With a user-focused approach, we...
SMB DigitalZone is a Dubai-based digital agency helping businesses grow with result-driven solutions. Since 2017, weve specialized in SEO, PPC, social media marketing, content creation, web and app development, UI/UX design, email marketing, and 3D walkthroughs. Our mission is to boost visibility, strengthen...
TwojLepszyBiznes.online helps small and growing businesses turn ideas into results for marketing purpose.We combine marketing strategy, online visibility, automation, and clear communication to attract clients, increase sales, and build strong digital brands. Practical solutions, measurable effects, no...
Creative Minds Building Impactful Digital Experience
Grow your visibility in local Google searches with strategic local SEO services. Just Rank US helps businesses in Hurt, Pittsylvania VA, and surrounding areas improve local rankings, attract nearby customers, and generate more qualified calls and leads...
Creating Custom Integrated Marketing Solutions for You.
Noir Marketing & PR is a woman owned creative agency based in Dayton, Ohio, founded in 2012. The firm specializes in integrated services including branding, graphic design, web design, photography, social media, media planning, event production, and public relations tailored to small and midsized businesses...
Mission Graphics exists to help you in your small business to protect, promote and grow your brand. Online and offline, your brand is important. Mission Graphics will show you how to protect it, remain cohesive and predictable, and be the exact expression of your business as you develop who you are in your...
ELKEON supports businesses with data-driven performance marketing focused on measurable growth. Their services include Google Ads campaigns, marketing automation, web analytics and tracking, as well as B2B lead generation...
Big Ben SEO is a UK-based SEO agency specializing in performance-driven search engine optimization that helps businesses improve online visibility, attract qualified traffic, and generate sustainable organic growth. The agency delivers tailored SEO strategies that combine technical expertise, content...
Professional SEO Services helps UK businesses turn search visibility into qualified traffic and leads through technical, local, semantic, ecommerce, international, and GEO SEO...
We are full service digital marketing and web development agency. We specialize in creating effective strategies to engage your online audience and drive success...
King Digital provides digital marketing services with an emphasis on high-quality lead generation. Specializing in search engine marketing (pay-per-click), SEO (search engine optimization), and social media advertising, King Digital assists in effective strategies to meet growth goals. At King Digital, we...
Mauawiyah Digital Marketing is a UK-focused consultancy delivering evidence-based digital marketing strategies for small and medium-sized businesses. Led by a Dr Mauawiyah Hussan, Doctor of Business Administration, the consultancy combines academic research with practical execution across SEO, Google Ads...
More Plumbing Leads. More Booked Jobs. Less Marketing Stress.
You're not in the marketing business. You're in the plumbing business. We make sure you never have to become a marketing expert just to keep your schedule full. Our team builds complete plumbing lead generation systems using SEO, paid ads, AI automation, websites, CRM, email marketing, and review generation...
Embra Technologies builds high-performance websites, strengthens search visibility, and creates smarter digital experiences that help businesses attract customers and grow. We combine custom development, SEO, and automation to turn online presence into real business opportunities...
TechoGiant is a Pakistan-based WordPress web design and development agency serving clients worldwide. We build fast, modern, and results-driven websites that help businesses grow online. From custom WordPress development and WooCommerce stores to landing pages and website redesigns, we deliver professional...
RankTech Ads is a specialized Google Ads agency focused on helping service-based businesses generate high-quality leads, calls, and bookings. The agency manages data-driven Google Ads campaigns, conversion tracking, landing pages, and ongoing optimization for businesses across the USA, UK, Canada, Australia...
What should you consider before contacting advertising agencies?
Before contacting ad agencies, you must define your priority business objectives, success metrics, ad spend limit, expected timeline, internal decision-maker, and available resources.
Without that foundation, agencies will make different assumptions, which can make proposals difficult to compare and lead you to hire agencies for the wrong problem.
With 71% of CMOs reporting that they lack the budget to fully execute their strategy, it is vital to distinguish between "must-have" and "nice-to-have" campaign features before the first discovery call.
When should you hire a specialist advertising agency vs. a full-service digital marketing agency?
Hire a specialist advertising agency when you are experiencing issues with paid media execution and results. Conversely, hire a full-service digital marketing agency when the larger problem is coordination across channels, brand, content, and web.
Consider specialized ad agencies when:
Paid search, paid social, or media buying is your growth lever, but performance is inconsistent.
You already have brand, web, and content support in-house.
You need faster testing, tighter optimization, and deep platform expertise (e.g., Google Ads and paid media).
Consider full-service digital marketing agencies when:
Your message, funnel, creative, and channel mix need to work together.
You want one partner for different marketing services, such as social media, search engine optimization, email marketing, and performance marketing.
The primary issue is fragmented execution and not just ad performance.
How much should you realistically budget for advertising?
A realistic advertising budget typically ranges from 5% to 15% of your total annual revenue, depending on your growth stage and industry competitiveness.
For example, small businesses typically dedicate 2%-4% of their revenue to PPC advertising, with aggressive, growth-stage organizations typically spending more.
As a market benchmark, Gartner's 2025 CMO Spend Survey found CMOs reporting marketing budgets at 7.7% of company revenue and paid online channels accounting for 69% of digital spend.
The practical takeaway is to ask each shortlisted agency for a minimum viable testing budget by channel, then reject plans that cannot generate enough volume to prove or disprove the strategy.
How should you measure the success of your advertising campaigns?
Measure the success of your advertising campaigns by tracking bottom-line outcomes.
For lead generation campaigns, success metrics may include qualified leads, cost per sales-qualified lead, close rate by source, and pipeline contribution.
For eCommerce brands, success metrics to consider include customer acquisition cost, contribution margin, repeat purchase behavior, and return on ad spend (ROAS).
While platform metrics, such as click-through rate (CTR) and cost per click (CPC), are valuable, consider these as diagnostic metrics rather than success metrics.
How long does it take to see the results of your advertising campaigns?
Advertising campaigns may produce results within a few weeks or days. However, sustained ad performance may take 1-3+ months.
Typically, ad agencies dedicate the first 30 days to campaign ramp-up, data gathering, experimentation, testing, and conversion lag.
Then, they allot days 31-60 for campaign optimization. After 90 days from the campaign launch, you may record tangible outcomes, such as increased leads, higher ticket sales, and revenue growth.
The actual timeline before you see results will depend on current performance, ad channel, ad quality, target niche, industry competition, and the aggressiveness of your advertising campaign.
What common mistakes do businesses make when choosing their ad agencies?
Common mistakes include choosing based on the lowest hourly rates, being overly influenced by the pitch, and failing to confirm ownership of accounts, data, and reporting.
To avoid these mistakes, look for data-backed case studies that match your industry, market niche, and campaign type.
Also, review client feedback and request client references to better understand the agency's project management style, account ownership practices, reporting standards, and approach to campaign optimization.