Looking for a fashion digital marketing agency to boost your online presence and grow your fashion brand? We evaluated numerous agency profiles, success stories, and client reviews to compile a list of the best fashion marketing companies. Browse our directory and filter the selection by location, pricing, minimum budget, team size, and other criteria.
Best Fashion Marketing Companies
1,757 Companies-Rankings updated: August 19, 2026
All listed digital marketing agencies on DesignRush are assessed for industry expertise and customer testimonials to provide you with a vetted selection. Certain placements may be paid.
Innovate, Code, Elevate Transforming Ideas into Reality.
Innovate, Code, Elevate Transforming Ideas into Reality.
H.R. Software Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is a leading IT company offering cutting-edge software development, web solutions, and digital marketing services. We specialize in ERP, CRM, mobile app development, and AI-driven solutions for businesses of all sizes. With a customer-centric approach, we deliver innovative...
BRAINSTORM Solutions is a web development and digital marketing agency with offices in New York and overseas. Through collaborative innovation, we spark user-friendly solutions for products and services using the latest technology.Let’s create a storm together!...
Toptarget Marketing Ltd. is a distinguished Google Certified Premier Partner, catering to clients in both English and Hungarian languages. Our primary focus revolves around expertly managing Google Ads and Facebook ads campaigns, complemented by thorough landing page optimization and on-site SEO strategies...
In a world where attention spans are decreasing and cute cat videos are only two clicks away, our services ensure that your content is viewed first! And as master storytellers, we do this by creating stories that distinguish yours from the noise...
Tikit is a results-driven marketing agency specializing in influencer marketing, social media strategy, and campaign management. We help brands grow by connecting them with the right creators, crafting data-backed campaigns, and turning visibility into measurable business impact. Our team focuses on...
Innovative Branding and Design, From Concept to Creation.
Innovative Branding and Design, From Concept to Creation.
TBC Manila Design House is an independent creative studio founded by Mao and Camille del Rosario. Reach out to them for all your branding, production, design, and strategy needs...
Welcome to Magnify Marketing the Best Digital Marketing Agency in India. We deliver expert SEO, social media marketing, PPC, and complete online promotion services to help businesses achieve growth, visibility,and long-term success across India...
Birbal Bits is a digital marketing and website development agency that helps businesses grow smarter online. We create stunning, high-performing websites and run data-driven marketing campaigns that boost visibility, engagement, and sales. From SEO and social media to branding and web design, we blend...
Based in Texas, United States Of Amreica, PyroBytes is an international firm at its core. We have successfully completed more than 150 projects thanks to our dedicated team of expert software developers, web designers, and online marketers...
YK Art Design is an advertising, marketing and communications agency in Ibiza with a global reach that sells digital art and offers graphic design, web design, photography and online marketing services (social media, web positioning, Google Analytics, SEO, SEM, email marketing and e-commerce)...
Impressico Digital, a CMMI Level 5 and ISO-certified company, specializes in providing 360-degree digital solutions designed to help businesses grow online. Their comprehensive offerings include custom-built, responsive, and SEO-friendly website development and maintenance; robust SEO and performance...
Established in 2010, The Last Hope brings over 14 years of international expertise in transforming businesses with exceptional website designing, digital marketing & graphic designing services. Our dedicated team has successfully served thousands of satisfied clients worldwide, delivering tailored solutions...
Alcinder Tech is a Dhaka-based web design studio crafting high-performance websites, eCommerce platforms, and digital strategies that drive real results. We blend creativity, code, and conversion-focused design to help brands grow online...
Over 10 years working with some of the largest brands with a specialized focus on Search Engine Marketing (SEM) and launching go-to-Market strategies for small to medium-sized businesses...
Softifyme is a dynamic digital solutions agency based in Islamabad, Pakistan, dedicated to transforming business challenges into scalable, human-centered technology. By blending creative design, strategic insight, and expert development, Softifyme builds custom web and mobile applications, automates...
Webluno is a website design and digital marketing agency focused on helping businesses succeed online. We create custom websites that capture your brands identity, along with tailored marketing strategies to boost visibility, drive traffic, and grow your business...
Quorium Technologies is a leading IT solutions provider in Pune, specializing in delivering innovative digital transformation services. With a team of expert developers, testers, and security professionals, we craft custom software solutions that drive business growth and technological advancement...
We Spark Recognition For Your Brand And Fuel the Growth of Your Revenue
We Spark Recognition For Your Brand And Fuel the Growth of Your Revenue
Trionix Global is a forward thinking Digital Marketing and AI transformation agency committed to driving business growth, With Data driven approach and cutting edge technology, We deliver customized solutions in Lead generation campaigns, Social Media, SEO, Website and App development...
Dizitali is a next-generation creative and digital agency that blends design, technology, and strategy to help brands grow in an increasingly competitive digital landscape. Based in Dhaka, the agency partners with startups, SMEs, and established businesses to transform ideas into impactful digital...
Branding / Coprorate Films / Website / Digital Marleting / Social Media Branding
Branding / Coprorate Films / Website / Digital Marleting / Social Media Branding
We, DigiBrandX, offer end-to-end branding services that bring your vision to life. From crafting a compelling brand story and defining your brand concept to strategic positioning, we build a strong foundation for your business. Our process includes designing a distinctive logo, creating a cohesive visual...
CodeClub IT Solutions is a Creative Digital Marketing and IT Solutions Company located in Bangladesh who are working worldwide. We provide a dedicated team for better service. Digital Marketing, Web Development, E-commerce Solutions, Software Development, App Development, UI/UX Design, IT Consultancy is our...
Technology Experts For Everything Your Business Needs
Technology Experts For Everything Your Business Needs
We transform ideas into useful, scalable, and realistic technology. From apps to validated IT talent, we help you grow with tailored digital solutions...
Your Vision, Our Expertise Tailored Logo Designs for Your Brand.
Your Vision, Our Expertise Tailored Logo Designs for Your Brand.
As a customer-centric company, Tailored Logo Designs strives to provide its clients with a seamless and hassle-free experience. The company offers unlimited revisions to ensure that clients are completely satisfied with their designs and provides a 100% satisfaction guarantee, promising to refund clients who...
Nexal IT Services helps businesses grow with smart, reliable, and well-planned digital solutions. From web design and web development to AI development, branding, eCommerce, and digital marketing, we provide complete support under one roof. Our focus is on building digital experiences that not only look...
Unlock Your Online Potential with Strategic Brilliance Website Design, SEO, Google Ads and Social Media Manager. Are you ready to propel your business to new heights in the digital landscape?...
Affordable Technical Solutions Provider To The World.
Affordable Technical Solutions Provider To The World.
Softradix is a technical solution provider company and has been helping businesses since 2017. We are an expert team of Flutter, Angular, PHP, React.js, and full-stack developers...
We help businesses grow through data-driven performance marketing, turning ad spend into predictable revenue. We dont believe in vanity metrics. Every decision we make is based on data, performance, and the long-term impact on our clients businesses...
Prix Studio is a 360-degree marketing and software agency dedicated to driving sustainable growth. We believe that exceptional results lie at the intersection of high-performance web development and data-driven digital marketing. Our expert team doesn't just build websites; we build scalable digital...
Driving Traffic, Leads & Sales Through Digital Marketing Since 2008
Driving Traffic, Leads & Sales Through Digital Marketing Since 2008
WEB-SEO is a full-cycle digital marketing agency with over 15 years of hands-on experience helping businesses succeed online. We take a full-cycle approach from building professional websites and online stores to driving sustainable growth through SEO, Google Ads, and targeted social media campaigns on...
Crafting Immersive Stories With Visual Brilliance & Digital Finesse
Crafting Immersive Stories With Visual Brilliance & Digital Finesse
AGL DIGITAL SOLUTIONS is a results- driven digital marketing agency based in Dubai, UAE, helping businesses grow through smart, data-backed strategies and creative execution. Backed by over 5+ years of industry experience, the agency offers end too end digital solutions including SEO, social media marketing...
Crafting Brand Stories, One Bold Pencil Stroke At A Time
Crafting Brand Stories, One Bold Pencil Stroke At A Time
Grow your business with The Pencil Advertising a leading performance marketing agency in Ahmedabad. Our experts craft data-driven campaigns across SEO, Google Ads, and Meta Ads to maximize ROI and long-term growth...
Founded in 2013, Weboin operates as a performance marketing team delivering scalable growth systems for brands across India and global markets. With engagements starting from $1,000, we deliver enterprise-level execution with cost efficiency driven by automation, AI analytics...
Building High-Performance Websites & Digital Solutions That Drive Business Growth
Building High-Performance Websites & Digital Solutions That Drive Business Growth
Delight IT Solutions is a web development and digital marketing agency focused on creating fast, secure, and SEO-friendly websites for businesses worldwide. We specialize in WordPress, custom PHP development, eCommerce, website maintenance, performance optimization, and search engine optimization. Our goal is...
Strategic Solutions That Help Businesses Grow Online
Strategic Solutions That Help Businesses Grow Online
Typhoon is a digital agency specializing in web design, web development, and search engine optimization. We help businesses build fast, modern, and conversion-focused websites that improve visibility and generate real business growth. Our team focuses on performance, user experience, and SEO-driven strategies...
At Leadvy, we specialize in providing top-notch marketing solutions tailored to your unique needs. With our team of experienced marketing professionals, we offer a wide range of services including digital marketing, social media management, content creation, branding, SEO, PPC, email marketing, and more...
Every campaign tells its own story. Instead of ready-made solutions, we create strategies tailored to your goals, with continuous optimization and innovations that ensure long-term growth...
Pixel is a web and advertising agency established in 2005 in Tunisia. We specialize in website creation, hosting, and SEO, as well as graphic design and brand identity development. Our expertise includes crafting visual identities, logos, and comprehensive graphic charters, along with producing a wide range...
Blendz Marketing Agency is a digital marketing company in Rawalpindi that helps businesses grow online. We focus on real results, clear communication, and long term support. Our goal is to make marketing simple and effective for every client...
Web Design Johannesburg for Small Businesses That Need More Leads
Web Design Johannesburg for Small Businesses That Need More Leads
Nostalgic Studio delivers high-performance, custom web solutions and strategic search optimization to help South African businesses scale and succeed...
Gatatouch is a full stack digital solutions company delivering scalable web and mobile applications with a strong focus on modern design, performance, and business growth. We help brands grow through bold, strategic creativity empowering forward-thinking companies to move ahead by setting new standards...
TargetBoost is recognized as the premier digital marketing company in India, leveraging every digital platform including Google, social networks, and app marketplaces to ensure your online presence stands out. Our comprehensive approach ensures that your brand stands tall on the web, reaching your target...
RootAMZ, where we turn your ecommerce ambition into reality. At RootAMZ, we manage your amazon account like amazon vendor central, amazon seller central, amazon ads/PPC, Walmart account & seller central accounts with precision...
At Brand Space, with years of experience and a client-first mindset, we deliver customized digital marketing solutions and strategies that tackle these challenges head-on and drive measurable results...
Our journey commenced with the creation of a captivating brand identity and website.
Our journey commenced with the creation of a captivating brand identity and website.
As a Creative Branding Agency, our unified team combines diverse skills in software engineering, web development, design, marketing, user experience, and project management to provide innovative solutions for the ever-changing IT industry...
Webxtalk Pvt. Ltd. (A Leading Digital Marketing Agency) helps small business owners compete with e-commerce giants like Amazon and Flipkart through expert online advertising, data-driven strategies, and innovative growth solutions...
Kredence Creative Solutions is a Malaysia-based digital marketing agency focused on helping businesses achieve sustainable growth through personalized marketing strategies and digital transformation solutions. Founded during the pandemic, the agency was built to support businesses in adapting to the evolving...
Rofolin is a leading branding company dedicated to elevating businesses into prominent brands with tailored digital marketing and branding solutions...
Abacus Mission is to add value to Humanity. We aim to empower our clients with the best possible IT solutions. We offer digital solutions like Website Design & Development, App Design & Development, SEO, and QA which would further enable our clients to serve humanity...
Elevating Your Business Through the Power of Design.
Elevating Your Business Through the Power of Design.
We specialize in elevating brands through professional graphic design and creating visually stunning, responsive websites designed to drive conversions. Our expertise ensures your brand thrives in a competitive market...
A fashion digital marketing agency is a specialized marketing agency that promotes fashion brands through online channels. It curates highly personalized strategies to help fashion businesses establish a strong online presence, communicate their brand narrative, show their products, and deepen the connection with their target audiences.
Fashion marketing agencies can also assist brands overcome some of the following challenges:
Difficulty standing out due to stiff marketing competition
Low brand presence and authority
Limited customer reach
Customer distrust and high churn rate
Negative brand perception
Difficulty adapting to quickly evolving trends and customer buying behavior
Unfavorable return on investment (ROI) from previous digital marketing efforts
Inability to foster an emotional connection with consumers
Limited resources and expertise to manage and maintain comprehensive marketing strategies
The global fashion market was estimated at $770.9 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $1.1 trillion by 2029, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.94% from 2024 to 2029. With a projected market volume of $236.80 billion, China encompasses the highest revenue-generating region.
Success story
To highlight the importance of fashion marketing services in addressing these significant challenges, we've selected the following case study from Open Moves:
Challenge: Facing stiff competition in the women’s apparel market, startup fashion brand Brass Clothing struggled to gain brand visibility and reach a broader audience. Seeking to stand out from the competition, it engaged the expertise of Open Moves.
Solution: Open Moves used Meta's advertising tools to target audiences by profession, education, and location, which aligned with the client’s ideal buyer. It deployed lookalike audiences and produced various ad formats with unique creative messages, including carousel ads and dynamic remarketing ads to distinguish the client from competitors. Open Moves also managed Brass Clothing’s promotional cycles and media buying and optimized its strategies to meet weekly goals.
Results: By the end of the campaign, Brass Clothing had tripled its return on advertising spend (ROAS), recorded over $17,000 in purchases from Facebook and Instagram, and grew its revenue by 200%. It also generated over $2 million in revenue from Facebook and Instagram.
What do fashion digital marketing agencies do?
Fashion digital marketing agencies create demand for a brand and its products through comprehensive digital marketing strategies, including social media management, search engine optimization, and content marketing. These agencies conduct brand audits, craft distinctive positioning statements, and design messaging frameworks to effectively convey a brand's values and proposition.
Here are more services offered by fashion marketing firms:
Competitive analysis Analyzing competitor’s marketing strategies, product offerings, and advertising campaigns to identify opportunities for a better and more informed marketing strategy
Strategy development Creating full-funnel marketing strategies customized to a brand’s objectives, ensuring a targeted and effective approach to reach the intended audience
Branding Developing a strong and unique brand identity, including logo, personality, tone, and story, to establish recognition and connect emotionally with target consumers
Advertising Amplifying brand reach and visibility through media planning and buying, keyword research, bidding strategies, ad budget management, and crafting graphics and ad copy
Content marketing Writing articles, creating graphics, producing videos, and creating other types of content in line with a brand’s marketing strategy to attract leads and engage audiences
Search engine optimization (SEO) Improving brands’ organic visibility by targeting relevant keywords, optimizing website backend for easier crawlability, conducting outreach campaigns, and ensuring website accessibility
Email marketing Creating informative emails, managing subscriber lists, and implementing lead-generation tactics to promote products and services and build customer loyalty
Social media marketing Using platforms like Facebook, Instagram, X, TikTok, and Snapchat to nurture audience relationships and boost brand presence and reputation
Influencer marketing Arranging and managing collaborations with popular individuals and brands to increase brand exposure and audience reach
Public relations (PR) Elevating a brand’s public image by managing online reviews and customer testimonies, organizing promo events, and developing a crisis communication plan
Event marketing Coordinating with event managers to promote fashion shows, product launches, store openings, and other similar events
Some fashion digital agencies extend their services with website design and development, omnichannel marketing, video production, and experiential marketing.
Success story
To better illustrate what fashion digital marketing companies do, we have selected a case study from Major Tom:
Challenges: With an in-house marketing team focused on product development and creative production, Roller Rabbit didn’t have the capacity to define and fine-tune its paid media strategies. Needing a partner to supplement its marketing team, Roller Rabit approached Major Tom.
Solutions: Aiming to generate a strong ROAS for Roller Rabbit, Major Tom selected Facebook, Google Ads, and Microsoft Ads as high-impact marketing channels. It also developed ad creatives, optimized its strategies, and crafted a data analytics solution to help Roller Rabit accurately report on its marketing.
Results: Through Major Tom’s expertise, Roller Rabit saw a spike in revenue, increasing eCommerce conversion rates by 176% and overall paid media revenue by 85%. Moreover, Roller Rabbit achieved a Facebook paid media ROAS of 1,124%.
How much do fashion digital marketing agencies charge for their services?
Fashion digital marketing agencies can charge anywhere between $80 and $200 per hour on average, depending on the brand's current reputation, level of competition, influencer talent fee, project scope and complexity, length of service, and agency location and expertise. The number of online marketing channels managed by the digital marketing agency can also affect the service fee.
Below is the average digital marketing cost per service:
Service
Average monthly cost
SEO
$1,000-$5,000
PPC advertising
$10,000
Email marketing
$500-$5,000
Content marketing
$2,000-$10,000
Website design
$2,500-$10,000 per website
The top 50 fashion digital marketing agencies on DesignRush charge an average hourly fee of $94. 23.5% of the firms accept projects under $1,000, offering affordable services to start-ups and small businesses with tighter marketing budgets. On the other hand, 1.3% require a minimum budget of $50,000 for a project, providing premium fashion marketing services for enterprises and larger businesses.
Why should I hire a fashion marketing company?
You should hire a fashion marketing company because it has the expertise to market your brand across multiple online platforms while ensuring these marketing strategies align with your unique brand image. Their specialization in fashion enables them to position your brand effectively and give you an edge that will distinguish you from competitors and captivate your target audiences, essentially contributing to your long-term growth.
Hire a fashion marketing company because it can help you:
Gain a competitive edge in a highly saturated market by creating a unique brand identity for your business
Boost organic traffic and visibility through SEO efforts and brand awareness campaigns
Improve brand reputation by managing customer reviews, testimonies, and feedback
Generate sales and revenue by targeting ideal buyer personas and producing content that resonates with them
Convert online leads into customers via captivating event marketing
Foster customer loyalty by constantly interacting with them at relevant touchpoints and implementing loyalty programs
Tap into a vast network of celebrities, influencers, and industry leaders that can help boost brand exposure and credibility
Maximize ROI through data analytics and continuous strategy optimization
Expand to international markets and help you navigate cultural nuances and international regulations
Focus on your core business operations and reduce overhead costs by delegating the work to an expert team that specializes in fashion
Success story
While the list of benefits speaks for itself, the following case study from AdVenture Media highlights the role that fashion marketing companies play in the growth of businesses and brands in the industry.
Challenge: Known for selling his products through retail stores, luxury eCommerce designer Eric Javits didn’t have a strong online presence, leading to unfavorable eCommerce sales. Wanting to elevate his business’ traction, he planned to use the birthday sale as a strategy springboard and enlisted AdVenture Media’s help for the campaign.
Solution: Using data from previous birthday sales, AdVenture Media tailored product-centric ads and targeted previous buyers. It also diversified the client’s advertising platforms to Bing Ads, Google Ads, and YouTube Ads. To ensure maximum efficiency, AdVenture Media optimized product descriptions and titles to match search queries and updated product information to ensure accuracy.
Results: Eric Javits's revenue for the month was record-breaking, with the designer registering a fivefold ROAS and a 204% spike in orders.
How do I choose the best fashion marketing agency for my business?
You can choose the best fashion marketing agency for your business by following these steps:
Evaluate your needs Determine your marketing objectives and evaluate your team's capacity and limitations in meeting those goals. Such an assessment will help specify the type of service and marketing expertise you'll need.
Outline project scope Define some preliminary project parameters, such as the number of monthly articles you want to produce, the number of weekly social media posts, and the platforms you want to establish a presence on.
Map out your timeline Set a rough timeline for each online platform based on your overall marketing objectives, as results may vary. Take into consideration that you might see the impact of social media paid ad strategies within weeks, whereas content marketing typically takes at least three to six months to show results.
Set your budget Based on your project scope and business objectives, determine how much of your marketing budget you can allot to a fashion digital marketing firm. Make your budget realistic by researching the average costs for specific campaigns and marketing services.
Research potential agencies Explore directories like DesignRush, marketplaces, publications, and agency listings for reputable fashion marketing companies. You can also reach out to industry peers for recommendations.
Verify credibility Check the agency’s portfolio, case studies, client testimonies, reviews, and list of recognitions and certifications. Look for agencies with experience in the fashion niche.
Review tech and expertise Read through the fashion digital marketing agency’s list of services, expertise, and tech stack to determine whether it has the knowledge, skills, and tools to carry out your request. Consider your current marketing tech stack and see if the agency can integrate with it.
Look at their list of influencers Search for agencies with an established network of influencers and prominent industry players that can facilitate partnerships with them.
Submit a request for proposal (RFP) List your project specifications, timeline, budget, brand brief, and campaign pegs within your RFP and send it to your shortlisted agencies. Compare their proposals to determine which agency offers the best value for money.
Schedule an interview Set an interview with potential partners and use this opportunity to test their expertise by asking about their approach toward attaining your project goals. Observe their level of commitment, as you want an agency that’s sincerely invested in your success.
Assess cultural fit Evaluate how the agency treats your members at every interaction, as this can give insight into their soft skills. Select agencies that are professional, communicative, responsive, organized, and aligned with your culture and values.
Choose your partner Settle a service level agreement, payment terms, goals and KPIs, a detailed timeline, and a contract with your chosen partner. Ensure to include stipulations about data privacy and confidentiality to protect your assets.
Need help finding a fashion digital marketing firm for your business? Explore our Marketplace and send us your project brief. We’ll connect you with five leading agencies that meet your requirements free of charge.
How do I find the best fashion marketing company on DesignRush that fits my budget?
Using our agency's filters, you can find the best fashion marketing company on DesignRush that fits your budget. Based on your budget, shortlist the selection from agencies catering to projects from $1,000 to above $50,000.
To get you started, here are a few options at different price points:
Our agency directory also lets you browse agency profiles based on location, area of expertise, agency reviews, client types, team size, budget, and hourly rates to compare fashion digital agencies comprehensively and find the best fit for your project.
What are the key success metrics in fashion digital marketing?
The key success metrics in fashion digital marketing are the following:
Impressions Displays the number of times an ad or organic content has been viewed
Keyword ranking Identifies the position of the website in search engine result pages (SERPs) when searching for specific keywords
Total website visits Monitors the number of people who visited the brand’s website
Social media reach Determines the number of people who have seen the brand’s social media content
Follower growth rate Tracks the number of new followers a brand gains on their social media accounts
Number of returning visitors Tracks the count of visitors who have previously visited the website
Engagement rate Measures the rate at which people interact with a brand’s content via metrics like session duration (for blogs and articles), average view duration (for videos), and number of shares, likes, and comments (for social media posts)
Conversion rate Computes the number of people who have completed a desired action after seeing a brand’s content, such as buying an outfit from your shop after seeing an ad
Click-through rate (CTR) Measures the ratio of users who clicked on a link compared to those who only viewed it
Cost per click (CPC) Measures the cost incurred for each click on an ad and is often used to measure the effectiveness of paid advertising
Cost per lead (CPL) Computes how much a business spends on average to generate a new lead
Customer acquisition cost (CAC) Calculates the average cost of acquiring a new customer
Return on investment (ROI) Measures the total revenue generated relative to the cost of marketing campaigns
What questions should I ask fashion marketing companies before hiring one?
Before hiring one, you should ask fashion marketing companies the following questions to verify that they have the skills and knowledge to meet your business objectives:
Its Relevant Background
What makes you more effective at fashion marketing than a general marketing company?
What type of marketing do you specialize in?
Have you worked on a project similar to mine?
Can you share case studies and client references specific to the fashion industry so I can learn more about your work in the niche?
How do you stay on top of constantly changing fashion and industry trends?
How do you ensure your team is up to date with the latest marketing knowledge, skills, and technology?
Its Services and Processes
What is your approach to audience research?
What does your full portfolio of digital marketing services include?
Can you walk me through the process of translating online marketing efforts into physical store visits and sales?
How will you help a brand bounce back from a negative reputation or a scandal?
Do you do eCommerce marketing?
Do you outsource any of your services?
What are your cybersecurity and data privacy practices?
Do you offer influencer marketing? What are some fashion influencers you’ve worked with?
Related to Your Project
Who will be on my team? What are their qualifications?
How will you determine the best platforms to target my audience?
How will you tailor your strategies to make them unique to my brand?
How do you define and measure success for fashion brands like mine? What ROI can I expect?
Who will own the rights to the content pieces produced for my brand?
What are the best fashion digital marketing agencies in the US?
The best fashion digital marketing agencies in the US are the following: